X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects: V - Slow winds in T Tauri stars

Abstract

Disks around T Tauri stars are known to lose mass, as best shown by the profiles of forbidden emission lines of low ionization species. At least two separate kinematic components have been identified, one characterised by velocity shifts of tens to hundreds km/s (HVC) and one with much lower velocity of few km/s (LVC). The HVC are convincingly associated to the emission of jets, but the origin of the LVC is still unknown. In this paper we analyze the forbidden line spectrum of a sample of 44 mostly low mass young stars in Lupus and $\sigma$-Ori observed with the X-Shooter ESO spectrometer. We detect forbidden line emission of [OI], [OII], [SII], [NI], and [NII], and characterize the line profiles as LVC, blue-shifted HVC and red-shifted HVC. We focus our study on the LVC. We show that there is a good correlation between line luminosity and both L${}_{star}$ and the accretion luminosity (or the mass-accretion rate) over a large interval of values (L${}_{star}$ $\sim 10^{-2}-1$ L${}_{\odot }$; L${}_{acc}$ $\sim 10^{-5}-10^{-1}$ L${}_{\odot }$; ${\dot{M}}_{acc}$ $\sim 10^{-11}-10^{-7}$ M${}_{\odot }$/yr). The lines show the presence of a slow wind ($V_{peak}<20$ km/s), dense ($n_H>10^8$ cm${}^{-3}$), warm (T$\sim 5000-10000$ K), mostly neutral. We estimate the mass of the emitting gas and provide a value for the maximum volume it occupies. Both quantities increase steeply with the stellar mass, from $\sim 10^{-12}$ M${}_{\odot }$ and $\sim 0.01$ AU${}^3$ for M${}_{star}$$\sim 0.1$ M${}_{\odot }$, to $\sim 3\times 10^{-10}$ M${}_{\odot }$ and $\sim 1$ AU${}^3$ for M${}_{star}$$\sim 1$ M${}_{\odot }$, respectively. These results provide quite stringent constraints to wind models in low mass young stars, that need to be explored further.

References in corpus (37)

• X-shooter, the new wide band intermediate resolution spectrograph at the ESO Very Large Telescope
• Wind-driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks. I: Suppression of the Magnetorotational Instability and Launching of the Magnetocentrifugal Wind
• An Optical Spectroscopic Study of T Tauri Stars. I. Photospheric Properties
• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects: IV -- Accretion in low-mass stars and sub-stellar objects in Lupus
• UV excess measures of accretion onto young very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Models of X-Ray & EUV Photoevaporating Protoplanetary Discs
• Which jet launching mechanism(s) in TTauri stars?
• On the theory of disc photoevaporation
• Time-Evolution of Viscous Circumstellar Disks due to Photoevaporation by FUV, EUV and X-ray Radiation from the Central Star
• Disk Winds Driven by Magnetorotational Instability and Dispersal of Proto-Planetary Disks
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks around Young Stars
• Accretion Rates for T Tauri Stars Using Nearly Simultaneous Ultraviolet and Optical Spectra
• MHD simulations of accretion onto a dipolar magnetosphere. II. Magnetospheric ejections and stellar spin-down
• X-shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects: I - Mass accretion rates of low-mass T Tauri stars in σOrionis
• [O I] 6300A emission in Herbig Ae/Be systems: signature of Keplerian rotation
• X-ray irradiated protoplanetary disk atmospheres II: Predictions from models in hydrostatic equilibrium
• Heating and Ionization of X-Winds
• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects: II. Impact of chromospheric emission on accretion rate estimates
• Evidence for Disk Photoevaporation Driven by the Central Star
• Local outflows from turbulent accretion disks
• Molecule survival in magnetized protostellar disk winds. I. Chemical model and first results
• Emission Lines from the Gas Disk around TW Hydra and the Origin of the Inner Hole
• Understanding the origin of the [OI] low-velocity component from T Tauri stars
• The magnetorotational instability as a jet launching mechanism
• Diagnostic Line Emission from EUV and X-ray Illuminated Disks and Shocks around Low Mass stars
• The Photoevaporative Wind from the Disk of TW Hya
• Predicted rotation signatures in MHD disc winds and comparison to DG Tau observations
• Resolving the disk rotation of HD 97048 and HD 100546 in the [O I] 6300A line: evidence for a giant planet orbiting HD 100546
• PdBI sub-arcsecond study of the SiO microjet in HH212 - Origin and collimation of Class 0 jets
• The First X-shooter Observations of Jets from Young Stars
• XMM-Newton observations of the sigma Ori cluster. II. Spatial and spectral analysis of the full EPIC field
• Adaptive Optics Spectroscopy of the [Fe II] Outflows from HL Tauri and RW Aurigae
• Line formation in the inner winds of classical T Tauri stars: testing the conical-shell wind solution
• The diagnostic potential of Fe lines applied to protostellar jets
• A UV-to-MIR monitoring of DR Tau: exploring how water vapor in the planet formation region of the disk is affected by stellar accretion variability
• Discovery of an old photoevaporating disk in sigma Orionis
• Inclination effects in T Tauri star spectra

Cited by in corpus (65)

• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in Lupus: Accretion properties of class II and transitional objects
• Towards a Global Evolutionary Model of Protoplanetary Disks
• A Volume Limited Sample of Cataclysmic Variables from $Gaia$ DR2: Space Density and Population Properties
• Magneto-thermal Disk Wind from Protoplanetary Disks
• Global Simulations of the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks with Comprehensive Disk Microphysics
• X-Shooter study of accretion in Chamaeleon I: II. A steeper increase of accretion with stellar mass for very low mass stars?
• On the gas content of transitional disks: a VLT/X-Shooter study of accretion and winds
• The dispersal of protoplanetary discs I: A new generation of X-ray photoevaporation models
• Formation of close binaries by disc fragmentation and migration, and its statistical modeling
• X-Shooter study of accretion in Chamaeleon I
• Tracing Slow Winds from T Tauri Stars via Low Velocity Forbidden Line Emission
• Kinematic links and the co-evolution of MHD winds, jets, and inner disks from a high-resolution optical [OI] survey
• A New Look at T Tauri Star Forbidden Lines: MHD Driven Winds from the Inner Disk
• Global Simulations of Protoplanetary Disk Outflows with Coupled Non-ideal Magnetohydrodynamics and Consistent Thermochemistry
• Connection between jets, winds and accretion in T Tauri stars: the X-shooter view
• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in Lupus. Atmospheric parameters, membership and activity diagnostics
• PENELLOPE: the ESO data legacy program to complement the Hubble UV Legacy Library of Young Stars (ULLYSES) I. Survey presentation and accretion properties of Orion OB1 and $\sigma$-Orionis
• Blueshifted [OI] lines from protoplanetary discs: the smoking gun of X-ray photoevaporation
• A continuum of accretion burst behavior in young stars observed by K2
• The Evolution of Disk Winds from a Combined Study of Optical and Infrared Forbidden Lines
• X-Shooter study of accretion in $\rho$-Ophiucus: very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• The interpretation of protoplanetary disc wind diagnostic lines from X-ray photoevaporation and analytical MHD models
• X-shooter spectroscopy of young stars with disks. The TW Hydrae association as a probe of the final stages of disk accretion
• On the origin of the correlations between the accretion luminosity and emission line luminosities in pre-main sequence stars
• Dust Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disk Winds Driven by Magneto-Rotational Turbulence: A Mechanism for Floating Dust Grains with Characteristic Sizes
• GIARPS High-resolution Observations of T Tauri stars (GHOsT). II. Connecting atomic and molecular winds in protoplanetary disks
• A High-resolution Optical Survey of Upper Sco: Evidence for Coevolution of Accretion and Disk Winds
• X-Shooter observations of low-mass stars in the Eta Chamaeleontis association
• A Herschel view of protoplanetary disks in the $\sigma$ Ori cluster
• GIARPS High-resolution Observations of T Tauri stars (GHOsT). III. A pilot study of stellar and accretion properties
• Dust entrainment in photoevaporative winds: The impact of X-rays
• 2MASS J15460752-6258042: a mid-M dwarf hosting a prolonged accretion disc
• High-resolution [O I] line spectral mapping of TW Hya supportive of a magnetothermal wind
• Narrow Na and K Absorption Lines Toward T Tauri Stars - Tracing the Atomic Envelope of Molecular Clouds
• Forbidden line diagnostics of photoevaporative disc winds
• Determining Dust Properties in Protoplanetary Disks: SED-derived Masses and Settling With ALMA
• Forbidden emission lines in protostellar outflows and jets with MUSE
• GIARPS High-resolution Observations of T Tauri stars (GHOsT). I. Jet line emission
• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects - VI - HI line decrements
• The water-ice feature in near-infrared disk-scattered light around HD 142527: Micron-sized icy grains lifted up to the disk surface?
• DZ Cha: a bona fide photoevaporating disc
• [OI] 6300Å emission as a probe of external photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs
• 2MASS J15491331-3539118: a new low-mass wide companion of the GQ Lup system
• Determining dispersal mechanisms of protoplanetary disks using accretion and wind mass loss rates
• The small-scale HH34 IRS jet as seen by X-shooter
• The He I $\lambda$10830 $\mathring{A}$ line as a probe of winds and accretion in young stars in Lupus and Upper Scorpius
• PENELLOPE IV. A comparison between optical forbidden lines and ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ UV lines in the Orion OB1b and $\sigma$-Ori associations
• Revealing the Star-Disk-Jet Connection in GM Aur using Multiwavelength Variability
• Probing Protoplanetary Disk Winds with C II Absorption
• The role of FUV Pumping in exciting the [Oi] lines in Protostellar Disks and Winds
• Magnetic disk winds in protoplanetary disks: Description of the model and impact on global disk evolution
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): Scattered light detection of a possible disk wind in RY Tau
• A New Look at Disk Winds and External Photoevaporation in the $\sigma$-Orionis Cluster
• Empirical Determination of the Lithium 6707.856 Å Wavelength in Young Stars
• A tell-tale tracer for externally irradiated protoplanetary disks: comparing the [CI] 8727 A line and ALMA observations in proplyds
• Bipolar molecular outflow of the very low-mass star Par-Lup3-4
• The gas disk: Evolution and chemistry
• Modelling thermochemical processes in protoplanetary disks I: numerical methods
• The NEMESIS Catalogue of Young Stellar Objects for the Orion Star Formation Complex. I. General description of data curation
• Investigating the nature of the extended structure around the Herbig star RCrA using integral field and high-resolution spectroscopy
• A question of personalities: evolution of viscous and wind-driven protoplanetary discs in the presence of dead zones
• Evidence of a Disk-wind Origin for Fluorescent H${}_2$ in Classical T Tauri Stars
• Dust in the wind of outbursting young stars
• Revisiting the BE99 method for the study of outflowing gas in protostellar jets
• The formation of planetary systems with SPICA