Gravoturbulent Planetesimal Formation: The Positive Effect of long-lived Zonal Flows

Abstract

Recent numerical simulations have shown long-lived axisymmetric sub- and super-Keplerian flows in protoplanetary disks. These zonal flows are found in local as well as global simulations of disks unstable to the magnetorotational instability. This paper covers our study of the strength and lifetime of zonal flows and the resulting long-lived gas over- and underdensities as functions of the azimuthal and radial size of the local shearing box. We further investigate dust particle concentrations without feedback on the gas and without self-gravity. Strength and lifetime of zonal flows increase with the radial extent of the simulation box, but decrease with the azimuthal box size. Our simulations support earlier results that zonal flows have a natural radial length scale of 5-7 gas pressure scale heights. This is the first study that combines three-dimensional MHD simulations of zonal flows and dust particles feeling the gas pressure. The pressure bumps trap particles with $\text{St}=1$ very efficiently. We show that $\text{St}=0.1$ particles (of some centimeters in size if at $5\text{AU}$ in an MMSN) reach a hundred-fold higher density than initially. This opens the path for particles of $\text{St}=0.1$ and dust-to-gas ratio of 0.01 or for particles of $\text{St}\ge 0.5$ and dust-to-gas ratio $10^{-4}$ to still reach densities that potentially trigger the streaming instability and thus gravoturbulent formation of planetesimals.

18 pages, 15 figures, accepted by ApJ

References in corpus (8)

• Coagulation, fragmentation and radial motion of solid particles in protoplanetary disks
• Particle Stirring in Turbulent Gas Disks: Including Orbital Oscillations
• Towards planetesimals: dense chondrule clumps in the protoplanetary nebula
• Breaking through: The effects of a velocity distribution on barriers to dust growth
• Accretion and destruction of planetesimals in turbulent disks
• Midplane sedimentation of large solid bodies in turbulent protoplanetary discs
• 3D MHD Simulations of Planet Migration in Turbulent Stratified Disks
• Global magnetohydrodynamical models of turbulence in protoplanetary disks I. A cylindrical potential on a Cartesian grid and transport of solids

Cited by in corpus (75)

• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations
• Dust Evolution and the Formation of Planetesimals
• Close-in planetesimal formation by pile-up of drifting pebbles
• Can dust coagulation trigger streaming instability?
• Resonant Drag Instabilities in protoplanetary disks: the streaming instability and new, faster-growing instabilities
• Magnetic Flux Concentration and Zonal Flows in Magnetorotational Instability Turbulence
• The formation of rings and gaps in magnetically coupled disk-wind systems: ambipolar diffusion and reconnection
• Dust Density Distribution and Imaging Analysis of Different Ice Lines in Protoplanetary Disks
• Dust growth and evolution in protoplanetary disks
• Planetesimal rings as the cause of the Solar System's planetary architecture
• Multiple Gaps in the Disk of the Class I Protostar GY 91
• Turbulence sets the length scale for planetesimal formation: Local 2D simulations of streaming instability and planetesimal formation
• Particle Trapping and Streaming Instability in Vortices
• The Mass Budget of Planet Forming Discs: Isolating the Epoch of Planetesimal Formation
• The Mass and Size Distribution of Planetesimals Formed by the Streaming Instability. II. The Effect of the Radial Gas Pressure Gradient
• Formation of pebble-pile planetesimals
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): X. Multiple rings, a misaligned inner disk, and a bright arc in the disk around the T Tauri star HD 143006
• Streaming Instability for Particle-Size Distributions
• The Fundamentally Different Dynamics of Dust and Gas in Molecular Clouds
• The DSHARP Rings: Evidence of Ongoing Planetesimal Formation?
• Planetesimal Population Synthesis: Pebble Flux Regulated Planetesimal Formation
• Collisions of CO${}_2$ Ice Grains in Planet Formation
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamics In Global Simulations Of Protoplanetary Disks
• Giant planet formation in radially structured protoplanetary discs
• Dust Transport in MRI Turbulent Disks: Ideal and Non-ideal MHD with Ambipolar Diffusion
• Global Three-Dimensional Simulations of Outer Protoplanetary Disks with Ambipolar Diffusion
• Dust settling against hydrodynamic turbulence in protoplanetary discs
• On the Numerical Robustness of the Streaming Instability: Particle Concentration and Gas Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disks
• Efficiency of Particle Trapping in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Requirements for gravitational collapse in planetesimal formation --- the impact of scales set by Kelvin-Helmholtz and nonlinear streaming instability
• Experimental Study on Bouncing Barriers in Protoplanetary Disks
• Preplanetary scavengers: Growing tall in dust collisions
• Dust properties across the CO snowline in the HD 163296 disk from ALMA and VLA observations
• Azimuthal and Vertical Streaming Instability at High Dust-to-gas Ratios and on the Scales of Planetesimal Formation
• Linear growth of streaming instability in pressure bumps
• Accretion of the earliest inner solar system planetesimals beyond the water-snowline
• The impact of pebble flux regulated planetesimal formation on giant planet formation
• The Fate of Scattered Planets
• The Dynamics of Charged Dust in Magnetized Molecular Clouds
• The Streaming Instability Cannot Form Planetesimals from mm-size Grains in Pressure Bumps
• Jumping the Gap: The Formation Conditions and Mass Function of Pebble-Pile Planetesimals
• Dust Settling and Clumping in MRI Turbulent Outer Protoplanetary Disks
• The Resonant Drag Instability (RDI): Acoustic Modes
• Failed Growth at the Bouncing Barrier in Planetesimal Formation
• The effect of a strong pressure bump in the Sun's natal disk: Terrestrial planet formation via planetesimal accretion rather than pebble accretion
• Ice aggregate contacts at the nm-scale
• Some Stars are Totally Metal: A New Mechanism Driving Dust Across Star-Forming Clouds, and Consequences for Planets, Stars, and Galaxies
• A Simple Phenomenological Model for Grain Clustering in Turbulence
• From Dust to Planets I: Planetesimal and Embryo Formation
• Towards a population synthesis of discs and planets. II. Confronting disc models and observations at the population level
• The impact of dynamic pressure bumps on the observational properties of protoplanetary disks
• Non-linear hydrodynamic instability and turbulence in eccentric astrophysical discs with vertical structure
• Linking planetesimal and dust content in protoplanetary disks via a local toy model
• Planetesimals in Rarefied Gas: Wind Erosion in Slip Flow
• Establishing Dust Rings and Forming Planets Within Them
• No self-shadowing instability in 2D radiation-hydrodynamical models of irradiated protoplanetary disks
• On the multiple generations of planetary embryos
• Millimeter Spectral Indices and Dust Trapping By Planets in Brown Dwarf Disks
• Streaming instabilities in accreting and magnetized laminar protoplanetary disks
• Which stars can form planets: Planetesimal formation at low metallicities
• Instabilities and Flow Structures in Protoplanetary Disks: Setting the Stage for Planetesimal Formation
• Making Terrestrial Planets: High Temperatures, FU Orionis Outbursts, Earth, and Planetary System Architectures
• Dust-gas dynamics driven by the streaming instability with various pressure gradients
• Are the Formation and Abundances of Metal-Poor Stars the Result of Dust Dynamics?
• United Theory of Planet Formation (I): Tandem Regime
• Forbidden planetesimals
• The motion of chondrules and other particles in a protoplanetary disc with temperature fluctuations
• ALMA Observations of Asymmetric Molecular Gas Emission from a Protoplanetary Disk in the Orion Nebula
• Dust concentration and chondrule formation
• Models and Observational Predictions of Dust Traps in Protoplanetary Discs
• Effects of Stellar X-ray Photoevaporation on Planetesimal Formation via the Streaming Instability
• Generating potassium abundance variations in the Solar Nebula
• Planetesimal gravitational collapse in a gaseous environment: Thermal and dynamic evolution
• Dust Dynamics in Hall-effected Protoplanetary Disks. I. Background Drift Hall Instability