A Two-Step Quantum Direct Communication Protocol Using Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Pair Block

Abstract

A protocol for quantum secure direct communication using blocks of EPR pairs is proposed. A set of ordered $N$ EPR pairs is used as a data block for sending secret message directly. The ordered $N$ EPR set is divided into two particle sequences, a checking sequence and a message-coding sequence. After transmitting the checking sequence, the two parties of communication check eavesdropping by measuring a fraction of particles randomly chosen, with random choice of two sets of measuring bases. After insuring the security of the quantum channel, the sender, Alice encodes the secret message directly on the message-coding sequence and send them to Bob. By combining the checking and message-coding sequences together, Bob is able to read out the encoded messages directly. The scheme is secure because an eavesdropper cannot get both sequences simultaneously. We also discuss issues in a noisy channel.

8 pages and 2 figures. To appear in Phys Rev A

References in corpus (19)

• Good Quantum Error-Correcting Codes Exist
• Storage of light in atomic vapor
• Theoretical efficient high capacity Quantum Key Distribution Scheme
• Multiple Particle Interference and Quantum Error Correction
• Deterministic Secure Direct Communication Using Entanglement
• Secure direct communication using entanglement
• Optimal eavesdropping in quantum cryptography with six states
• A Multiparticle Generalization of Entanglement Swapping
• Quantum Teleportation with a Complete Bell State Measurement
• Quantum key distribution in the Holevo limit
• Quantum Cryptography with Coherent States
• Simple Quantum Error Correcting Codes
• Eavesdropping on the "ping-pong" quantum communication protocol
• Quantum Cryptography Based on Orthogonal States
• Security of Quantum Key Distribution with Entangled Photons Against Individual Attacks
• Quantum key distribution without alternative measurements
• Quantum Cryptography without Public Announcement of Bases
• Security of EPR-based Quantum Cryptography against Incoherent Symmetric Attacks
• Quantum key distribution using different-frequency photons

Cited by in corpus (267)

• Secure Direct Communication with a Quantum One-Time-Pad
• Quantum Secure Direct Communication with Quantum Memory
• Improving the security of multiparty quantum secret sharing against Trojan horse attack
• Improving the security of secure direct communication based on secret transmitting order of particles
• Multiparty Quantum Secret Sharing
• Multiparty quantum state sharing of an arbitrary two-particle state with Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs
• Symmetric multiparty-controlled teleportation of an arbitrary two-particle entanglement
• Secure Deterministic Communication Without Entanglement
• Advances in InGaAs/InP single-photon detector systems for quantum communication
• Multiparty Quantum Secret Sharing Based on Entanglement Swapping
• Multi-step quantum secure direct communication using multi-particle Green-Horne-Zeilinger state
• Efficient polarization entanglement purification based on parametric down-conversion sources with cross-Kerr nonlinearity
• Secure direct communication using Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs and teleportation
• Secure Direct Communication Based on Secret Transmitting Order of Particles
• Nonlocal entanglement concentration scheme for partially entangled multipartite systems with nonlinear optics
• Quantum Direct Communication with Authentication
• Towards real-world quantum networks: a review
• Three-party quantum secure direct communication based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states
• Efficient symmetric multiparty quantum state sharing of an arbitrary m-qubit state
• Efficient two-step entanglement concentration for arbitrary W states
• Deterministic secure direct communication using GHZ states and swapping quantum entanglement
• Bidirectional quantum secret sharing and secret splitting with polarized single photons
• Quantum state sharing of an arbitrary two-qubit state with two-photon entanglements and Bell-state measurements
• Cryptanalysis of the arbitrated quantum signature protocols
• Revisiting the security of quantum dialogue and bidirectional quantum secure direct communication
• Multiparty quantum secret sharing of secure direct communication
• Efficient quantum cryptography network without entanglement and quantum memory
• The Evolution of Quantum Secure Direct Communication: On the Road to the Qinternet
• Two-step hyperentanglement purification with the quantum-state-joining method
• Quantum secure direct communication network with Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs
• Quantum secure direct communication based on order rearrangement of single photons
• Circular quantum secret sharing
• Orthogonal-state-based protocols of quantum key agreement
• Entanglement-Assisted Quantum Networks: Mechanics, Enabling Technologies, Challenges, and Research Directions
• Device-independent quantum secure direct communication with single photon sources
• An efficient quantum secret sharing scheme with Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Pairs
• Efficient high-capacity quantum secret sharing with two-photon entanglement
• Experimental free-space quantum secure direct communication and its security analysis
• Many-agent controlled teleportation of multi-qubit quantum information
• Improving the security of quantum direct communication with authentication
• Hyperentanglement purification and concentration assisted by diamond NV centers inside photonic crystal cavities
• Advances in quantum entanglement purification
• An Evolutionary Pathway for the Quantum Internet Relying on Secure Classical Repeaters
• Dense-Coding Attack on Three-Party Quantum Key Distribution Protocols
• High-capacity quantum secure direct communication based on quantum hyperdense coding with hyperentanglement
• Heralded quantum repeater for a quantum communication network based on quantum dots embedded in optical microcavities
• Controlled Teleportation of an Arbitrary Multi-Qudit State in a General Form with d-Dimensional Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger States
• Hyperentanglement purification for two-photon six-qubit quantum systems
• Deterministic polarization entanglement purification using time-bin entanglement
• Multiparty controlled quantum secret direct communication using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state
• Photonic spatial Bell-state analysis for robust quantum secure direct communication using quantum dot-cavity systems
• Multiparty quantum secret splitting and quantum state sharing
• A generalized architecture of quantum secure direct communication for N disjointed users with authentication
• Measure-resend semi-quantum private comparison without entanglement
• Quantum secure direct communication with private dense coding using general preshared quantum state
• Error-detected generation and complete analysis of hyperentangled Bell states for photons assisted by quantum-dot spins in double-sided optical microcavities
• Advances in quantum dense coding
• Experimental one-step deterministic entanglement purification
• Secure multi-party quantum summation based on quantum Fourier transform
• Control power in perfect controlled teleportation via partially entangled channels
• Efficient hyperconcentration of nonlocal multipartite entanglement via the cross-Kerr nonlinearity
• Multiparty quantum secret sharing with pure entangled states and decoy photons
• Applications of quantum cryptographic switch: Various tasks related to controlled quantum communication can be performed using Bell states and permutation of particles
• Self-assisted complete maximally hyperentangled state analysis via the cross-Kerr nonlinearity
• Quantum secure communication scheme with W state
• Two-step orthogonal-state-based protocol of quantum secure direct communication with the help of order-rearrangement technique
• Implementation vulnerabilities in general quantum cryptography
• Simple preparation of Bell and GHZ states using ultrastrong-coupling circuit QED
• Faithful entanglement purification for high-capacity quantum communication with two-photon four-qubit systems
• Real-time shaping of entangled photons by classical control and feedback
• Experimental quantum secret sharing with spin-orbit structured photons
• Multiparty Quantum Sealed-Bid Auction Using Single Photons as Message Carrier
• Improved Wójcik's Eavesdropping Attack on Ping-Pong Protocol Without Eavesdropping-Induced Channel Loss
• Experimental realization of quantum algorithms for linear system inspired by adiabatic quantum computing
• Quantum dialogue without information leakage based on the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states and the shared secret Bell state
• Hyperconcentration for multipartite entanglement via linear optics
• Semi-quantum dialogue based on single photons
• Generation of Bell and GHZ states from a hybrid qubit-photon-magnon system
• Efficient W state entanglement concentration using quantum-dot and optical microcavities
• Quantum secret sharing protocol between multiparty and multiparty with single photons and unitary transformations
• Free Electrons Can Induce Entanglement Between Photons
• Efficient and economic five-party quantum state sharing of an arbitrary m-qubit state
• Quantum private comparison via cavity QED
• Circular semi-quantum secret sharing using single particles
• Complete Bell-state analysis for superconducting-quantum-interference-device qubits with transitionless tracking algorithm
• Quantum Private Comparison: A Review
• Polarization entanglement purification of nonlocal microwave photons based on the cross-Kerr effect in circuit QED
• Device-independent quantum secret sharing with noise preprocessing and postselection
• Quantum secure conditional direct communication via EPR pairs
• Multiparty simultaneous quantum identity authentication based on entanglement swapping
• Multi-party quantum private comparison of size relation with d-level single-particle states
• Efficient entanglement concentration for arbitrary less-entangled N-atom state
• Efficient quantum direct communication with authentication
• Large payload bidirectional quantum secure direct communication without information leakage
• Quantum secure dialogue with quantum encryption
• Complete hyperentangled Bell state analysis for polarization and time-bin hyperentanglement
• General individual attack on the ping-pong protocol with completely entangled pairs of qutrits
• Multiparty Quantum Secret Report
• Which verification qubits perform best for secure communication in noisy channel?
• Single pairs of time-bin entangled photons
• Eavesdropping on the "Ping-Pong" Quantum Communication Protocol Freely in a Noise Channel
• Semi-quantum private comparison protocol under an almost-dishonest third party
• Resource-efficient analyzer of Bell and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states of multiphoton systems
• Fault tolerant authenticated quantum dialogue using logical Bell states
• Information leakage resistant quantum dialogue against collective noise
• Fault tolerant channel-encrypting quantum dialogue against collective noise
• Quantum secure direct communication network with superdense coding and decoy photons
• Dynamics and entanglement of a membrane-in-the-middle optomechanical system in the extremely-large-amplitude regime
• Multi-user quantum private comparison with scattered preparation and one-way convergent transmission of quantum states
• Quantum Encryption of superposition states with Quantum Permutation Pad in IBM Quantum Computers
• Circular multi-party quantum private comparison with n-level single-particle states
• Analysis of N-qubit perfectly controlled teleportation schemes from the controller's point of view
• Quantum asymmetric cryptography with symmetric keys
• Efficient protocols for unidirectional and bidirectional controlled deterministic secure quantum communication: Different alternative approaches
• High-fidelity interconversion between Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger and $W$ states through Floquet-Lindblad engineering in Rydberg atom arrays
• Protocols and quantum circuits for implementing entanglement concentration in cat state, GHZ-like state and 9 families of 4-qubit entangled states
• Multiparty Quantum Remote Secret Conference
• Entanglement distillation for quantum communication network with atomic-ensemble memories
• Experimental Quantum Byzantine Agreement on a Three-User Quantum Network with Integrated Photonics
• Heralded high-efficiency quantum repeater with atomic ensembles assisted by faithful single-photon transmission
• Cryptanalysis and improvement of the quantum private comparison protocol based on Bell entangled states
• On the information-splitting essence of two types of quantum key distribution protocols
• Improving the security of multiparty quantum secret splitting and quantum state sharing
• Asymmetric Cryptography with Physical Unclonable Keys
• Information leakage resistant quantum dialogue with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom
• Single-state multi-party semiquantum key agreement protocol based on multi-particle GHZ entangled states
• All-Fiber Source and Sorter for Multimode Correlated Photons
• Communication Efficient Quantum Secret Sharing
• Same Initial States Attack in Yang et al.'s Quantum Private Comparison Protocol and the Improvement
• Phononic entanglement concentration via optomechanical interactions
• Controller-independent bidirectional quantum direct communication
• Experimental realization of large-alphabet quantum key distribution protocol using orbital angular momentum entanglement
• Quantum integrated sensing and communication via entanglement
• Economical Quantum Secure Direct Communication Network with Single Photons
• Provably-secure symmetric private information retrieval with quantum cryptography
• Three-party simultaneous quantum secure direct communication scheme with EPR pairs
• Quantum Conference
• Strong quantum nonlocality without entanglement in $n$-partite system with even $n$
• Experimental quantum secure direct communication with single photons
• Quantum cost of dense coding and teleportation
• Two Efficient Measurement Device Independent Quantum Dialogue Protocols
• Entanglement concentration of microwave photons based on Kerr effect in circuit QED
• Self-error-rejecting photonic qubit transmission in polarization-spatial modes with linear optical elements
• Error-heralded generation and self-assisted complete analysis of two-photon hyperentangled Bell states assisted by single-sided quantum-dot-cavity systems
• Continuous-variable quantum communication
• Quantum broadcast communication
• Generating NOON states in circuit QED using multi-photon resonance in the presence of counter-rotating interactions
• Efficient hybrid entanglement concentration for quantum communications
• Remote preparation for single-photon state in two degrees of freedom with hyper-entangled states
• Entanglement classification of 2 X 2 X 2 X d quantum systems via the ranks of the multiple coefficient matrices
• Semiquantum secret sharing by using x-type states
• Nonlocal realism tests and quantum state tomography in Sagnac-based type-II polarization-entanglement SPDC-source
• Improved Deterministic N-To-One Joint Remote Preparation of an Arbitrary Qubit via EPR Pairs
• Quantum cryptography beyond key distribution: theory and experiment
• Device-Independent Quantum Secure Direct Communication Under Non-Markovian Quantum Channels
• Quantum direct communication protocols using discrete-time quantum walk
• A kind of quantum dialogue protocols without information leakage assisted by auxiliary quantum operation
• Quantum steganography with large payload based on dense coding and entanglement swapping of GHZ states
• Fake one-time pad cannot be used to improve the efficiency of quantum communication
• Quantum direct communication protocol using recurrence in k-cycle quantum walk
• High-efficiency three-party quantum key agreement protocol with quantum dense coding and Bell states
• Efficient scheme for three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state generation
• Secure Quantum Communication with Orthogonal States
• Quantum e-commerce: A comparative study of possible protocols for online shopping and other tasks related to e-commerce
• Coupling of a quantum memory and telecommunication wavelength photons for high-rate entanglement distribution in quantum repeaters
• Deterministic and complete hyperentangled Bell states analysis assisted by frequency and time interval degrees of freedom
• Practical quantum secure direct communication with squeezed states
• Quantum communication through devices with indefinite input-output direction
• Entanglement concentration and purification of two-mode squeezed microwave photons in circuit QED
• Improving the Security of "Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Communication without Encryption"
• Comparing bound entanglement of bell diagonal pairs of qutrits and ququarts
• Realization of Quantum State Privacy Amplification in a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Quantum System
• Quantum secure direct communication without using perfect quantum channel
• Quantum Secure Direct Communication with Mutual Authentication using a Single Basis
• Quantum Private Comparison over noisy channels
• Entanglement purification of nonlocal quantum-dot-confined electrons assisted by double-sided optical microcavities
• Multi-user quantum key distribution with collective eavesdropping detection over collective-noise channels
• Nonlocality enhanced precision in quantum polarimetry via entangled photons
• Measurement-device-independent quantum-secret-sharing networks with linear Bell-state analysis
• Deterministic secure quantum communication with and without entanglement
• Kak's three-stage protocol of secure quantum communication revisited: Hitherto unknown strengths and weaknesses of the protocol
• Quantum key distribution in terms of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state: multi-key generation
• Bell-type inequality and quantum nonlocality in four-qubit systems
• Complete hyperentangled Bell states analysis for polarization-spatial-time-bin degrees of freedom with unity fidelity
• Entanglement measure and quantum violation of Bell-type inequality for a family of four-qubit entangled states
• Partial-immunity of two-photon correlation against wavefront distortion for spatially entangled photons
• Special features of the Weyl-Heisenberg Bell basis imply unusual entanglement structure of Bell-diagonal states
• Sender-controlled measurement-device-independent multiparty quantum communication
• A Multiparty Quantum Private Equality Comparison scheme relying on $|GH{Z}_3⟩$ states
• Quantum direct communication with mutual authentication
• No-go theorems for photon state transformations in quantum linear optics
• Dynamics of a multipartite hybrid quantum system with beamsplitter, dipole-dipole, and Ising interactions
• Self-error-rejecting quantum state transmission of entangled photons for faithful quantum communication without calibrate reference frames
• Semiquantum private comparison via cavity QED
• Quantum key distribution based on orthogonal state encoding
• Passive environment-assisted quantum communication with GKP states
• Entangling distant systems via universal nonadiabatic passage
• Negativity vs. Purity and Entropy in Witnessing Entanglement
• Local distinguishability of quantum states in multipartite System
• A general scheme for information interception in the ping pong protocol
• Systematic entanglement concentration for unknown less-entangled three-photon W states
• Use of Nash equilibrium in finding game theoretic robust security bound on quantum bit error rate
• Complete analysis of the maximally hyperentangled state via the weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity
• High-efficient two-step entanglement purification using hyperentanglement
• Efficient electronic entanglement concentration assisted with single mobile electron
• Experimental long-distance quantum secure direct communication
• Cryptanalysis of Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol with Mutual Authentication Based on Single Photons and Bell States
• Complete hyperentangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state analysis for polarization and time-bin hyperentanglement
• Optimal programmable unambiguous discriminator between two unknown latitudinal states
• Collective attack free controlled quantum key agreement without quantum memory
• Simultaneous quantum identity authentication scheme utilizing entanglement swapping with secret key preservation
• Secure quantum dialogue via cavity QED
• Measurement-device-independent QSDC protocol using Bell and GHZ states on quantum simulator
• Quantum algebra in the mixed light pseudoscalar meson states
• Interactive Entanglement in Hybrid Opto-magno-mechanics System
• A distributed and parallel $(k,n)$ QSS scheme with verification capability
• Spectral compression and entanglement reduction in the cascaded biphoton state with cavities
• Two avowable quantum communication schemes
• Multiparty quantum random access codes
• Secure Multi-Party Quantum Conference and Xor Computation
• Quantum no-key protocols for secret transmission of quantum and classical message
• Measurement of arbitrary two-photon entanglement state with the photonic Faraday rotation
• Improved Eavesdropping Detection Strategy in Quantum Direct Communication Protocol Based on Four-particle GHZ State
• A novel $2$ \& $3$ player scheme for Quantum Direct Communication
• Quantum Secure Direct Communication using Entanglement and Super Dense Coding
• Quantum no-key protocol for secure communication of classical message
• Mediated semi-quantum key distribution in randomization-based environment
• Generic Security Analysis Framework for Quantum Secure Direct Communication
• Methods of constructing superposition measures
• Entanglement swapping in high dimensions with only linear optics
• Quantum cloning transformation unlocks the potential of W class of states in a quantum secure direct communication protocol
• Extendibility limits quantum-secured communication and key distillation
• Design and Analysis of Communication Protocols using Quantum Resources
• Simple forms of SLOCC equivalent four-qubit \c{hi} state
• Security proof of the two-way quantum secure direct communication with channel loss and noise
• Cryptanalysis of The Quantum Secure Direct Communication and Authentication Protocol With Single Photons
• Direct Generation and Detection of Correlated Photons with 3.2 um Wavelength Spacing
• Cryptanalysis and improvement of a quantum-communication-based online shopping mechanism
• Quantum public-key algorithms to encrypt and authenticate quantum messages with information-theoretic security
• Multiphoton controllable transport between remote resonators
• Efficient multipartite entanglement concentration of electron-spin state with charge detection
• General recipe for immediate entanglement death-birth transitions via Bell states: environmental Heisenberg exchange as an example
• When quantum memory is useful for dense coding
• Cryptography based on operator theory (I): quantum no-key protocols
• Proposal for the complete high-dimensional Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state measurement
• Enhancing entanglement detection of quantum optical frequency combs via stimulated emission
• Security of deterministic key distribution with higher-dimensional systems
• Comment on "Fault-Tolerate Quantum Private Comparison Based on GHZ States and ECC"
• Blind quantum machine learning
• Complete nondestructive analysis of two-photon six-qubit hyperentangled Bell states assisted by cross-Kerr nonlinearity
• Feasible logic Bell-state analysis with linear optics
• A Four-Party Quantum Secret-Sharing Scheme based on Grover's Search Algorithm
• Quantum Secret Authentication Code
• Quantum dialogue based on quantum encryption with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom
• Generation of time-bin entangled photon pairs using a single three-level emitter
• Quantum secure data transfer with pulse shape encoded optical qubits
• Linear optics based entanglement concentration protocols for Cluster-type entangled coherent state
• Quantum Entanglement Establishment between two Strangers
• Nontraditional Deterministic Remote State Preparation Using a Non-Maximally Entangled Channel without Additional Quantum Resources
• Fishing for Eavesdroppers
• Optimal entanglement concentration for quantum dot and optical microcavities systems
• Efficient entanglement concentration for arbitrary less-entangled NOON state assisted with single photon
• Atomic entanglement purification using photonic Faraday rotation
• Multipartite entanglement purification for three-level trapped atom systems
• Entanglement concentration protocols for GHZ-type entangled coherent state based on linear optics
• The effectiveness of quantum operations for eavesdropping on sealed messages
• Protecting sing-photon multi-mode W state from photon loss