Neutral hydrogen in nearby elliptical and lenticular galaxies: the continuing formation of early-type galaxies

Abstract

(Abridged) We present deep WSRT observations of neutral hydrogen in 12 nearby elliptical and lenticular galaxies. The selected objects come from a representative sample of nearby galaxies earlier studied at optical wavelengths with the integral-field spectrograph Sauron. We detect HI - both in regular discs as well as in clouds and tails off-set from the host galaxy - in 70% of the galaxies. This detection rate is much higher than in previous, shallower single-dish surveys, and is similar to that for the ionised gas. The results suggest that at faint detection levels the presence of HI is a relatively common characteristic of field early-type galaxies. The observed total HI masses range between a few times 10^6 Msun to just over 10^9 Msun. The presence of regular disc-like structures is a situation as common as HI in offset clouds and tails around early-type galaxies. All galaxies where HI is detected also contain ionised gas, whereas no HI is found around galaxies without ionised gas. Galaxies with regular HI discs tend to have strong emission from ionised gas. In these cases, the similar kinematics of the neutral hydrogen and ionised gas suggest that they form one structure. We do not find a clear trend between the presence of HI and the global age of the stellar population or the global dynamical characteristics of the galaxies. Our observations support the idea that gas accretion is common and does not happen exclusively in peculiar early-type galaxies. For the majority of the cases the gas is likely acquired through merging, but the lack of correlation with the stellar population age suggests that smooth, cold accretion could be an alternative scenario, at least in some galaxies. In either cases, the data suggest that early-type galaxies continue to build their mass up to the present.

arXiv comment13 pages, 8 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS. A version with full resolution figures is available at http://www.astron.nl/~morganti/Papers/SauronHI.pdf

References in corpus (31)

• How Do Galaxies Get Their Gas?
• Gasdynamics and Starbursts in Major Mergers
• The SBF Survey of Galaxy Distances. IV. SBF Magnitudes, Colors, and Distances
• The formation history of elliptical galaxies
• 2MASS Extended Source Catalog: Overview and Algorithms
• Stellar population models of Lick indices with variable element abundance ratios
• The SAURON project - V. Integral-field emission-line kinematics of 48 elliptical and lenticular galaxies
• The SAURON project. I. The panoramic integral-field spectrograph
• Star formation thresholds and galaxy edges: why and where
• The SAURON project. II. Sample and early results
• Kinemetry: a generalisation of photometry to the higher moments of the line-of-sight velocity distribution
• The SAURON project - III. Integral-field absorption-line kinematics of 48 elliptical and lenticular galaxies
• The Molecular ISM of Dwarf Galaxies on Kiloparsec Scales: A New Survey for CO in Northern, IRAS-detected Dwarf Galaxies
• A simple model for the evolution of disc galaxies: The Milky Way
• Rotation and anisotropy of galaxies revisited
• Starbursts and the triggering of the activity in nearby powerful radio galaxies
• The Cool ISM in S0 Galaxies. I. A Survey of Molecular Gas
• The origin of polar ring galaxies: evidence for galaxy formation by cold accretion
• Formation and evolution of S0 galaxies: a SAURON case study of NGC7332
• Extended HI disks in dust-lane elliptical galaxies
• The two sided parsec scale structure of the Low Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus in NGC 4278
• Timescales of merger, starburst and AGN activity in radio galaxy B2 0648+27
• HI in four star-forming low-luminosity E/S0 and S0 galaxies
• HI in the shell elliptical NGC 3656
• IC 4200: a gas-rich early-type galaxy formed via a major merger
• The Surprising Anisotropy of Fast Rotating, Disky Elliptical Galaxies
• First Interferometric Observations of Molecular Gas in a Polar Ring: The Helix Galaxy NGC 2685
• Stellar Kinematics and Populations of Early-Type Galaxies with the SAURON and OASIS Integral-Field Spectrographs
• A Search for HI in Five Ellipticals with Fine Structure
• Relation between dust and radio luminosity in optically selected early type galaxies
• Star Formation Histories of Nearby Elliptical Galaxies. II. Merger Remnant Sample

Cited by in corpus (201)

• The Atlas3D project -- I. A volume-limited sample of 260 nearby early-type galaxies: science goals and selection criteria
• Morphological quenching of star formation: making early-type galaxies red
• Observational evidence for AGN feedback in early-type galaxies
• Cold gas accretion in galaxies
• Physical properties and environments of nearby galaxies
• Structure and Kinematics of Early-Type Galaxies from Integral-Field Spectroscopy
• The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: The ALFALFA Extragalactic HI Source Catalog
• The ATLAS3D project - II. Morphologies, kinemetric features and alignment between photometric and kinematic axes of early-type galaxies
• The Atlas3D project - VII. A new look at the morphology of nearby galaxies: the kinematic morphology-density relation
• The GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey. I. Gas Fraction Scaling Relations of Massive Galaxies and First Data Release
• The Atlas3D project -- IV: the molecular gas content of early-type galaxies
• The Atlas3D project -- XIII. Mass and morphology of HI in early-type galaxies as a function of environment
• Environment and self-regulation in galaxy formation
• The SAURON project XVI: On the Sources of Ionisation for the Gas in Elliptical and Lenticular Galaxies
• Galaxy Masses
• The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: The Galaxy Population Detected by ALFALFA
• The Atlas3D project - X. On the origin of the molecular and ionised gas in early-type galaxies
• The Dependence of Quenching upon the Inner Structure of Galaxies at 0.5<z< 0.8 in the DEEP2/AEGIS Survey
• The Atlas3D project - XIV. The extent and kinematics of molecular gas in early-type galaxies
• Molecular Gas and Star Formation in the SAURON Early-type Galaxies
• Fourteen Months of Observations of the Possible Super-Chandrasekhar Mass Type Ia Supernova 2009dc
• The cold interstellar medium of galaxies in the Local Universe
• The Herschel Reference Survey: Dust in Early-Type Galaxies and Across the Hubble Sequence
• The ATLAS3D Project - XXVIII. Dynamically-driven star formation suppression in early-type galaxies
• The ATLAS3D project - XVIII. CARMA CO imaging survey of early-type galaxies
• Early-type galaxies in different environments: an HI view
• Fueling AGN II: Spatially Resolved Molecular Inflows and Outflows
• ZFOURGE/CANDELS: On the Evolution of M* Galaxy Progenitors from z=3 to 0.5
• The heating of dust by old stellar populations in the Bulge of M31
• The SAURON project - XV. Modes of star formation in early-type galaxies and the evolution of the red sequence
• Stellar velocity profiles and line strengths out to four effective radii in the early-type galaxies NGC 3379 and NGC 821
• Environmentally-Driven Evolution of Simulated Cluster Galaxies
• The GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey II: The Star Formation Efficiency of Massive Galaxies
• Molecular gas and star formation in early-type galaxies
• ALFALFA HI Data Stacking I. Does the Bulge Quench Ongoing Star Formation in Early-Type Galaxies?
• The Atlas3D project -- XXVII. Cold Gas and the Colours and Ages of Early-type Galaxies
• Nearby early-type galaxies with ionized gas.IV. Origin and powering mechanism of the ionized gas
• The ATLAS3D project - XXII. Low-efficiency star formation in early-type galaxies: hydrodynamic models and observations
• A Strong Correlation between Circumnuclear Dust and Black Hole Accretion in Early-Type Galaxies
• The shape of the dark matter halo in the early-type galaxy NGC 2974
• Extended Emission-Line Regions: Remnants of Quasar Superwinds?
• The supernova rate in local galaxy clusters
• The HI absorption "Zoo"
• The SAURON project - XIII. SAURON-GALEX study of early-type galaxies: the ultraviolet colour-magnitude relations and Fundamental Planes
• Extended, regular HI structures around early-type galaxies
• The interstellar and circumnuclear medium of active nuclei traced by HI 21-cm absorption
• The Atlas3D Project -- XI. Dense molecular gas properties of CO-luminous early-type galaxies
• The Complete Local Volume Groups Sample - I. Sample Selection and X-ray Properties of the High-Richness Subsample
• The SLUGGS survey: Exploring the metallicity gradients of nearby early-type galaxies to large radii
• Spatially resolved kinematics and stellar populations of brightest cluster and group galaxies
• Kinematics and physical conditions of HI in nearby radio sources. The last survey of the old Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
• Structure and Kinematics of Molecular Disks in Fast-Rotator Early-Type Galaxies
• The HI content of early-type galaxies from the ALFALFA survey. II. The case of low density environments
• The Cool ISM in Elliptical Galaxies. II. Gas Content in the Volume - Limited Sample and Results from the Combined Elliptical and Lenticular Surveys
• The Atlas3D project - XXVI. HI discs in real and simulated fast and slow rotators
• The HI content of Early-Type Galaxies from the ALFALFA survey I. Catalogued HI sources in the Virgo cluster
• Evidence of Star Formation in Local S0 Galaxies: Spitzer Observations of the SAURON Sample
• The Slow Death (or Rebirth?) of Extended Star Formation in z~0.1 Green Valley Early-Type Galaxies
• The origin of the atomic and molecular gas contents of early-type galaxies. II. Misaligned gas accretion
• Spitzer Observations of Passive and Star Forming Early-type Galaxies: an Infrared Color-Color Sequence
• The Atlas3D project -- XXXI. Nuclear radio emission in nearby early-type galaxies
• The Atlas3D project - V. The CO Tully-Fisher relation of early-type galaxies
• Molecular and atomic gas in dust lane early-type galaxies - I: Low star-formation efficiencies in minor merger remnants
• Quenching star formation at intermediate redshifts: downsizing of the mass flux density in the green valley
• A survey for redshifted molecular and atomic absorption lines - II. Associated HI, OH and millimetre lines in the z >~ 3 Parkes quarter-Jansky flat-spectrum sample
• The velocity function of gas-rich galaxies
• An 84 microGauss Magnetic Field in a Galaxy at Redshift z=0.692
• The ATLAS3D Project -- XXIII. Angular momentum and nuclear surface brightness profiles
• The HI Tully-Fisher Relation of Early-Type Galaxies
• Discovery of a giant HI tail in the galaxy group HCG 44
• Bulge and Halo Kinematics Across the Hubble Sequence
• Testing adiabatic contraction with SDSS elliptical galaxies
• Connecting Transitions in Galaxy Properties to Refueling
• Properties of Active Galaxies Deduced from H I Observations
• On the depletion and accretion timescales of cold gas in local early-type galaxies
• The Origin of Dust in Early-Type Galaxies and Implications for Accretion onto Supermassive Black Holes
• Gas Mass Fractions and Star Formation in Blue-Sequence E/S0 Galaxies
• AGN Jet-induced Feedback in Galaxies. I. Suppression of Star Formation
• Spin-driven jet feedback in idealised simulations of galaxy groups and clusters
• A collisional origin for the Leo ring
• Unusual PAH Emission in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies: A Signature of an Intermediate Age Stellar Population?
• Cold gas in a complete sample of group-dominant early-type galaxies
• The SLUGGS Survey: Wide Field Imaging of the Globular Cluster System of NGC 4278
• The stellar mass distribution in early-type disk galaxies: surface photometry and bulge-disk decompositions
• Extended UV Disks and UV-Bright Disks in Low-Mass E/S0 Galaxies
• HI 21-cm absorption and unified schemes of active galactic nuclei
• Star formation and nuclear activity in close pairs of early-type galaxies
• Cold gas in massive early-type galaxies: The case of NGC 1167
• Galaxy density profiles and shapes -- II. selection biases in strong lensing surveys
• Stellar populations, neutral hydrogen and ionised gas in field early-type galaxies
• The role of thermal evaporation in galaxy formation
• Kinematic modeling of disk galaxies III. The warped "Spindle" NGC 2685
• A New H I Survey of Active Galaxies
• Cold gas and young stars in tidally-disturbed ellipticals at z=0
• Optical spectroscopy of local type-1 AGN LINERs
• Linear relation between HI circular velocity and stellar velocity dispersion in early-type galaxies, and slope of the density profiles
• Probing the gas content of radio galaxies through HI absorption stacking
• Enormous disc of cool gas surrounding the nearby powerful radio galaxy NGC 612 (PKS 0131-36)
• The gas-to-dust mass ratio of Centaurus A as seen by Herschel
• The gas kinematics, excitation, and chemistry, in connection with star formation, in lenticular galaxies
• The evolution of galaxies resolved in space and time: an inside-out growth view from the CALIFA survey
• The central molecular gas structure in LINERs with low luminosity AGN: evidence for gradual disappearance of the torus
• The molecular polar disc in NGC 2768
• Galaxy density profiles and shapes -- I. simulation pipeline for lensing by realistic galaxy models
• ESO 381-47, an early-type galaxy with extended HI and a star forming ring
• Origins of molecular clouds in early-type galaxies
• Hot and Cold Galactic Gas in the NGC 2563 Galaxy Group
• From star-forming galaxies to AGN: the global HI content from a stacking experiment
• A blind HI survey in the Ursa Major region
• Star Formation in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies: The Radio Continuum Perspective
• GAMA/H-ATLAS: Linking the Properties of Sub-mm Detected and Undetected Early-Type Galaxies: I. z$\le$0.06 Sample
• GASP XXV: Neutral Hydrogen gas in the striking Jellyfish Galaxy JO204
• GASS 3505: the prototype of HI-excess, passive galaxies
• Statistical Analysis of H I Profile Asymmetry and Shape for Nearby Galaxies
• On the Determination of Rotation Velocity and Dynamical Mass of Galaxies Based on Integrated H I Spectra
• Hoag's Object: Evidence for Cold Accretion onto an Elliptical Galaxy
• Dynamic S0 Galaxies: a Case Study of NGC 5866
• Structural analysis of star-forming blue early-type galaxies: Merger-driven star formation in elliptical galaxies
• $R_{\mathrm{e}}$. I. Understanding galaxy sizes, associated luminosity densities, and the artificial division of the early-type galaxy population
• AGN activity and the misaligned hot ISM in the compact radio elliptical NGC4278
• The remarkable warped and twisted gas disk in NGC 3718
• Star formation associated with neutral hydrogen in the outskirts of early-type galaxies
• The Tully-Fisher Relation of COLD GASS Galaxies
• The Arecibo Galaxy Environment Survey III: Observations Toward the Galaxy Pair NGC 7332/7339 and the Isolated Galaxy NGC 1156
• Gravitational Stability of Circumnuclear Disks in Elliptical Galaxies
• Recent Star-Forming Activity in Local Elliptical Galaxies
• Galaxy Evolution in Local Group Analogs. I. A GALEX study of nearby groups
• The ATLAS 3D project - XVI. Physical parameters and spectral line energy distributions of the molecular gas in gas-rich early-type galaxies
• Is NGC 3108 transforming itself from an early to late type galaxy -- an astronomical hermaphrodite?
• Direct Evidence from Spitzer for a low-luminosity AGN at the center of the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 315
• The redshift selected sample of long gamma-ray burst host galaxies: the overall metallicity distribution at $z<0.4$
• The Isophotal Structure of Early-Type Galaxies in the SDSS: Dependence on AGN Activity and Environment
• Resolved HI Imaging of a Population of Massive HI-Rich Galaxies with Suppressed Star Formation
• Study of Dust and Ionized gas in Early-type Galaxies
• The Diversity of Atomic Hydrogen in Slow Rotator Early-type Galaxies
• The Lockman Hole project: gas and galaxy properties from a stacking experiment
• Large-scale HI in nearby radio galaxies (II): the nature of classical low-power radio sources
• The Hi Environment of Counter-rotating Gas Hosts: Gas Accretion from Cold Gas Blobs
• Star formation in the outer regions of the early type galaxy NGC 4203
• How can star formation be sustained?
• A High Resolution Study of the Atomic Hydrogen in CO-Rich Early-Type Galaxies
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).XII. Ionised gas emission in the inner regions of lenticular galaxies
• HI observations of the MATLAS dwarf and ultra-diffuse galaxies
• A Comparison of Stellar and Gas-Phase Chemical Abundances in Dusty Early-Type Galaxies
• The local universe in the era of large surveys. I. Spectral classification of S0 galaxies
• Composite star formation histories of early-type galaxies from minor mergers: prospects for WFC3
• Inner Polar Rings and Disks: Observed Properties
• External gas accretion provides a fresh gas supply to the active S0 galaxy NGC 5077
• A minor merger scenario for the ultraluminous X-ray source ESO 243-49 HLX-1 - II. Constraints from photometry
• The Complete Local Volume Groups Sample -- IV. Star formation and gas content in group-dominant galaxies
• Infrared-red Cores in Nearby Elliptical Galaxies
• A multiwavelength survey of HI-excess galaxies with surprisingly inefficient star formation
• Circumnuclear Structures in Megamaser Host Galaxies
• Extended Star Clusters in NGC 1023 from HST/ACS Mosaic Imaging
• The Nature of Nearby Counterparts to Intermediate-Redshift Luminous Compact Blue Galaxies. III. Interferometric Observations of Neutral Atomic and Molecular Gas
• A Stacked Search for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in 337 Extragalactic Star Clusters
• UGC 4599: A Photometric Study of the Nearest Hoag-Type Ring Galaxy
• Low-Mass X-ray Binaries and Globular Clusters Streamers and Arcs in NGC4278
• Star-Forming S0 Galaxies in SDSS-IV MaNGA Survey
• The Ursa Major cluster redefined as a `supergroup'
• ALMA observations of massive molecular gas reservoirs in dusty early-type galaxies
• Astrophysics in 2006
• Cold gas and dust: Hunting spiral-like structures in early-type galaxies
• HI in Virgo's "Red and Dead" Dwarf Ellipticals - A Tidal Tail and Central Star Formation
• VV 655 and NGC 4418: Implications of an interaction for the evolution of a LIRG
• The Nature of Faint Fuzzies from the Kinematics of NGC1023
• Discovery of Highly Obscured Galaxies in the Zone of Avoidance
• The effect of the morphological quenching mechanism on star formation activity at 0.5 < z < 1.5 in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• The HI content of the advanced merger NGC 4441
• The Population of Galaxies that Contribute to The HI Mass Function
• Supermassive Black Holes and Nuclear Star Clusters: Connection with the Host Galaxy Kinematics and Color
• Discovery of a large HI ring around the quiescent galaxy AGC 203001
• The origin of star-forming rings in S0 galaxies
• The local Universe in the era of large surveys -- II. Multi-wavelength characterisation of activity in nearby S0 galaxies
• Classical radio source propagating into outer HI disc in NGC 3801
• Is Centaurus A special? A neutral hydrogen perspective
• A Panchromatic Catalog of Early-Type Galaxies at Intermediate Redshift in the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Early Release Science Field
• The Distribution of Neutral Hydrogen in the Color-Magnitude Plane of Galaxies
• Multi-Phase Dusty Gas in the Center of NGC 4278
• An Oxford SWIFT Integral Field Spectroscopy study of 14 early-type galaxies in the Coma cluster
• HI absorption associated with Norma's brightest cluster galaxy
• J-PLUS: Detecting and studying extragalactic globular clusters -- the case of NGC 1023
• Spectral Energy Distribution Mapping of Two Elliptical Galaxies on sub-kpc scales
• The Neutral Gas Properties of Extremely Isolated Early-Type Galaxies III
• Galactic Traversability: A New Concept for Extragalactic SETI
• The Dirt on Dry Mergers
• Radio continuum detection in blue early-type weak emission line galaxies
• From galaxy-scale fueling to nuclear-scale feedback: the merger-state of radio galaxies 3C293, 3C305 & 4C12.50
• Constraints on Galaxy Structure and Evolution from the Light of Nearby Systems
• The SLUGGS survey: a new mask design to reconstruct the stellar populations and kinematics of both inner and outer galaxy regions
• The role of neutral hydrogen in radio galaxies
• Virial masses of late type galaxies from the SDSS DR16
• Cool gas accretion, thermal evaporation and quenching of star formation in elliptical galaxies
• A Comprehensive Multiwavelength Study of the OH Megamaser galaxy IRAS 09320+6134
• The Origin of the Gas and Its Low Star Formation Efficiency in Quiescent Galaxies
• Past, present and Future of the Scaling Relations of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei
• An HI view of the on-going assembly of early-type galaxies: present and future observations
• Independent Evidence for earlier formation epochs of fossil groups of galaxies through the intracluster light: the case for RX J100742.53+380046.6
• Testing OH Megamaser Identification Methods in HI Surveys: Updated Source-Flagging Algorithms and New Detections in ALFALFA
• The stellar populations of massive galaxies in the local Universe
• Deep neutral hydrogen observations of the early-type galaxy NGC 2768: collided by a newly discovered satellite galaxy?