The Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating: Design, Fabrication, Ground Calibration and Five Years in Flight
arXiv:astro-ph/0507035 · doi:10.1086/432898
Abstract
Details of the design, fabrication, ground and flight calibration of the High Energy Transmission Grating, HETG, on the Chandra X-ray Observatory are presented after five years of flight experience. Specifics include the theory of phased transmission gratings as applied to the HETG, the Rowland design of the spectrometer, details of the grating fabrication techniques, and the results of ground testing and calibration of the HETG. For nearly six years the HETG has operated essentially as designed, although it has presented some subtle flight calibration effects.
34 pages (including 30 figures), accepted for publication in PASP
References in corpus (9)
- An Overview of the Performance and Scientific Results from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO)
- Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO):Overview
- First Light Measurements of Capella with the Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer aboard the Chandra X-ray Observatory
- High Resolution X-Ray Spectra of Capella: Initial Results from the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer
- Mitigating Charge Transfer Inefficiency in the Chandra X-ray Observatory's ACIS Instrument
- Composition of the Chandra ACIS contaminant
- An Overview of the Performance of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory
- The Formal Underpinnings of the Response Functions used in X-Ray Spectral Analysis
- In-Flight Calibration of the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer
Cited by in corpus (210)
- Supernova remnants: the X-ray perspective
- The Extreme Spin of the Black Hole in Cygnus X-1
- A Chandra/HETGS Census of X-ray Variability From Sgr A* During 2012
- Atomic Data for X-ray Astrophysics
- Chandra-HETGS Observations of the Brightest Flare Seen from Sgr A*
- Confirmation Via the Continuum-Fitting Method that the Spin of the Black Hole in Cygnus X-1 is Extreme
- The Physics of the 'Heartbeat' State of GRS 1915+105
- Corona, Jet, and Relativistic Line Models for Suzaku/RXTE/Chandra-HETG Observations of the Cygnus X-1 Hard State
- Towards the event horizon -- the supermassive black hole in the Galactic Center
- From ultraluminous X-ray sources to ultraluminous supersoft sources: NGC 55 ULX, the missing link
- IACHEC Cross-Calibration of Chandra, NuSTAR, Swift, Suzaku, and XMM-Newton with 3C 273 and PKS 2155-304
- Systematic comparison of photoionised plasma codes with application to spectroscopic studies of AGN in X-rays
- A Chandra survey of fluorescence Fe lines in X-ray Binaries at high resolution
- High-Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy of the Interstellar Medium II: Neon and Iron Absorption Edges
- Spectral Analysis of 1H0707-495 with XMM-Newton
- Results from an extensive simultaneous broadband campaign on the underluminous active nucleus M81*: further evidence for mass-scaling accretion in black holes
- Chandra X-ray spectroscopy of the focused wind in the Cygnus X-1 system. I. The non-dip spectrum in the low/hard state
- A Hybrid Magnetically/Thermally-Driven Wind in the Black Hole GRO J1655-40?
- Measuring mass-loss rates and constraining shock physics using X-ray line profiles of O stars from the Chandra archive
- High Resolution Chandra HETG spectroscopy of V404 Cygni in Outburst
- A BLR origin for the iron K line in NGC7213
- A Deep Chandra ACIS Study of NGC 4151. III. the Line Emission and Spectral Analysis of the Ionization Cone
- The 2015 Decay of the Black Hole X-ray Binary V404 Cygni: Robust Disk-Jet Coupling and a Sharp Transition into Quiescence
- Using the X-ray Dust Scattering Halo of Cygnus X-1 to determine distance and dust distributions
- Evidence for Accretion in the High-resolution X-ray Spectrum of the T Tauri Star System Hen 3-600
- SNR 1E 0102.2-7219 as an X-ray Calibration Standard in the 0.5-1.0 keV Bandpass and Its Application to the CCD Instruments aboard Chandra, Suzaku, Swift and XMM-Newton
- The Nature of the Hard-X-Ray Emitting Symbiotic Star RT Cru
- A mass-loss rate determination for zeta Puppis from the quantitative analysis of X-ray emission line profiles
- FUV and X-ray absorption in the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium
- X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of the Multi-phase Interstellar Medium: Oxygen and Neon Abundances
- The Non-isothermality and Extent of Galactic Diffuse Hot Gas Toward Mrk~421
- First results from a next-generation off-plane X-ray diffraction grating
- The Unusual Broadband X-ray Spectral Variability of NGC 1313 X-1 seen with XMMNewton, Chandra and NuSTAR
- The X-ray outburst of the Galactic Centre magnetar SGR J1745-2900 during the first 1.5 year
- Contemporaneous Chandra HETG and Suzaku X-ray Observations of NGC 4051
- Variable X-ray emission from the accretion shock in the Classical T Tauri Star V2129 Oph
- Limits on Hot Galactic Halo Gas from X-ray Absorption Lines
- Disk Dominated States of 4U 1957+11: Chandra, XMM, and RXTE Observations of Ostensibly the Most Rapidly Spinning Galactic Black Hole
- The clumpy absorber in the high-mass X-ray binary Vela X-1
- Chandra X-ray spectroscopy of the very early O supergiant HD 93129A: constraints on wind shocks and the mass-loss rate
- The effects of thermodynamic stability on wind properties in different low mass black hole binary states
- X-ray Reflection and An Exceptionally Long Thermonuclear Helium Burst from IGR J17062-6143
- Detection of Flare-induced Plasma Flows in the Corona of EV Lac with X-ray Spectroscopy
- Chandra X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Focused Wind in the Cygnus X-1 System. II. The Nondip Spectrum in the Low/Hard State - Modulations with Orbital Phase
- Ionised Emission and Absorption in a Large Sample of Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
- The Kinematic and Plasma Properties of X-ray Knots in Cassiopeia A from the Chandra HETGS
- The 30-Year Search for the Compact Object in SN 1987A
- Multi-wavelength campaign on NGC 7469: III. Spectral energy distribution and the AGN wind photoionisation modelling, plus detection of diffuse X-rays from the starburst with Chandra HETGS
- Photoionized emission and absorption features in the high-resolution X-ray spectra of NGC 3783
- Chandra spectroscopy of the hot star beta Crucis and the discovery of a pre-main-sequence companion
- Evidence for a parsec scale X-ray jet from the accreting neutron star Circinus X-1
- A Super-Eddington Compton-Thick Wind in GRO J1655-40?
- Radius-expansion burst spectra from 4U 1728-34: an ultracompact binary?
- A Comprehensive X-ray Absorption Model for Atomic Oxygen
- The Ionized Absorber and Nuclear Environment of IRAS 13349+2438: Multi-wavelength insights from coordinated Chandra HETGS, HST STIS, HET, and Spitzer IRS
- Absorption and scattering by interstellar dust in the silicon K-edge of GX 5-1
- Anatomy of the AGN in NGC 5548. VI. Long-term variability of the warm absorber
- Heating in an Extended Accretion Disk Corona along the Z-Pattern in Cyg X-2
- High Resolution Photoexcitation Measurements Exacerbate the Long-Standing Fe XVII Oscillator Strength Problem
- Radiation Pressure and Mass Ejection in Rho-like States of GRS 1915+105
- High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy of the ultracompact LMXB pulsar 4U 1626-67
- Investigating the interstellar dust through the Fe K-edge
- Athena X-IFU synthetic observations of galaxy clusters to probe the chemical enrichment of the Universe
- Laboratory Measurements of the K-shell transition energies in L-shell ions of Si and S
- Determining the Nature of the SS 433 Binary Using an X-ray Spectrum During Eclipse
- A Link Between X-ray Emission Lines and Radio Jets in 4U 1630-47?
- The Ultra-Fast Outflow of the Quasar PG 1211+143 as Viewed by Time-Averaged Chandra Grating Spectroscopy
- The Disk Wind in the Neutron Star Low-mass X-Ray Binary GX 13+1
- An X-ray look at the Seyfert 1 Galaxy Mrk 590: XMM-Newton and Chandra reveal complexity in circumnuclear gas
- X-ray Variability in the Young Massive Triple theta2 Ori A
- The Variable Warm Absorber in Circinus X-1
- A High Resolution View of the Warm Absorber in the Quasar MR2251-178
- X-ray Spectroscopy of the Contact Binary VW Cephei
- The Massive Star-Forming Regions Omnibus X-Ray Catalog, Second Installment
- Chandra X-ray spectroscopy of the focused wind in the Cygnus X-1 system III. Dipping in the low/hard state
- Probing The Dust-To-Gas Ratio of z > 0 Galaxies Through Gravitational Lenses
- Chandra/HETGS Observations of the Capella System: the Primary as a Dominating X-ray Source
- Interplay between heartbeat oscillations and wind outflow in microquasar IGR J17091-3624
- A deep X-ray view of the bare AGN Ark 120. II. Evidence for Fe K emission transients
- A Chandra and ALMA Study of X-ray-irradiated Gas in the Central ~100 pc of the Circinus Galaxy
- Deviations from the Flux-Recurrence Time Relationship in GS 1826-238: Potential Transient Spectral Changes
- Oxygen and iron in interstellar dust: an X-ray investigation
- Accretion Disc Wind Variability in the States of the Microquasar GRS 1915+105
- No Transition Disk? Infrared Excess, PAH, H2, and X-rays from the Weak-Lined T Tauri Star DoAr 21
- Stellar Coronae, Solar Flares: a Detailed Comparison of sigma Gem, HR 1099, and the Sun in High-resolution X-rays
- Helium absorption in exoplanet atmospheres is connected to stellar coronal abundances
- The Massive Star-Forming Regions Omnibus X-Ray Catalog, Third Installment
- Relativistic components of the Ultra-Fast Outflow in the Quasar PDS 456 from Chandra/HETGS, NuSTAR and XMM-Newton observations
- A deep X-ray view of the bare AGN Ark 120. I. Revealing the Soft X-ray Line Emission
- X-ray spectra of the Fe-L complex II: atomic data constraints from EBIT experiment and X-ray grating observations of Capella
- Si K Edge Structure and Variability in Galactic X-Ray Binaries
- The accretion disk corona and disk atmosphere of 4U 1624-490 as viewed by the Chandra-HETGS
- Measuring the shock-heating rate in the winds of O stars using X-ray line spectra
- X-ray Constraint on Location of AGN Torus in Circinus Galaxy
- AstroSat and Chandra view of the high soft state of 4U 1630-47 (4U 1630-472): evidence of the disk wind and a rapidly spinning black hole
- Measurement of the Oxidation state of Fe in the ISM using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
- Interstellar dust along the line of sight of GX 3+1
- Probing the nature and origin of dust in the reddened quasar IC 4329A with global modelling from X-ray to infrared
- Mass Outflow of the X-ray Emission Line Gas in NGC 4151
- Detailed diagnostics of an X-ray flare in the single giant HR 9024
- On X-ray Optical Depth in the Coronae of Active Stars
- The Photoionized Accretion Disk in Her X-1
- TPHO: a time-dependent photoionisation model for AGN outflows
- Geometry Diagnostics of a Stellar Flare from Fluorescent X-rays
- Delving into the depths of NGC 3783 with XRISM. I. Kinematic and ionization structure of the highly ionized outflows
- MARXS: A modular software to ray-trace X-ray instrumention
- X-ray Flares of EV Lac: Statistics, Spectra, Diagnostics
- Probing Wolf-Rayet Winds: Chandra/HETG X-Ray Spectra of WR 6
- X-raying the Intergalactic OVI Absorbers
- Observations of the Disk/Jet Coupling of MAXI J1820+070 During its Descent to Quiescence
- X-ray emission processes in stars
- The Dust Scattering Halo of Cygnus X-3
- Thermal X-ray emission from a baryonic jet: a self-consistent multicolour spectral model
- Observations of 4U 1626-67 with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer
- Spectroscopic Signatures of the Superorbital Period in the Neutron Star Binary LMC X-4
- Ultrafast outflows in ultraluminous X-ray sources
- Observation of the new emission line at ~3.5 keV in X-ray spectra of galaxies and galaxy clusters
- Detection of Highly Ionized Metal Absorption Lines in the Ultracompact X-ray Dipper 4U 1916-05
- Detection of Very Low-Frequency Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in the 2015 Outburst of V404 Cygni
- Scientific Objectives of the Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor (HUBS) Mission
- X-ray Emission from Young Stellar Objects in the εChamaeleontis Group: the Herbig Ae Star HD 104237 and Associated Low-Mass Stars
- X-ray diagnostics of massive star winds
- Chandra and Suzaku observations of the Be/X-ray star HD110432
- AGN X-ray irradiation of CO gas in NGC 2110 revealed by and ALMA
- Multi-mission observations of the old nova GK Per during the 2015 outburst
- A Comprehensive X-ray Report on AT2019wey
- Statistical Characterization of the Chandra Source Catalog
- Spectral evidence of an accretion disk in wind-fed X-ray pulsar Vela X-1 during an unusual spin-up period
- The kpc Scale Fe K Emission in the Compton Thin Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 4388 resolved by Chandra
- Demonstration of resolving power for a space-based x-ray transmission grating spectrometer
- The Origins of X-ray Line Emissions in Circinus~X-1 at Very Low X-ray Flux
- Critical-angle x-ray transmission grating spectrometer with extended bandpass and resolving power > 10,000
- X-ray signatures of the polar dusty gas in AGN
- The Chandra/HETG view of NGC 1365 in a Compton-thick state
- Chandra HETG line spectroscopy of the Non-magnetic Cataclysmic Variable SS Cyg
- The role of complex ionized absorber in the soft X-ray spectra of Intermediate Polars
- A Soft X-ray Polarimeter Designed for Broad-band X-ray Telescopes
- Multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 509: Reverberation of the Fe Kalpha line
- High resolution X-ray spectroscopy of V4641 Sgr during its 2020 outburst
- A Coordinated X-ray and Optical Campaign of the Nearby Massive Binary Orionis Aa: II. X-ray Variability
- Correlated X-ray and optical variability in the O-type supergiant zeta Puppis
- Warm Absorbers in the Radiation-driven Fountain Model of Low-mass Active Galactic Nuclei
- X-ray performance of critical-angle transmission grating prototypes for the Arcus mission
- Looking through the photoionisation wake: Vela X-1 at with Chandra/HETG
- Chandra High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy of AM Her
- Chandra-HETGS Characterization of an Outflowing Wind in the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17591-2342
- Vertical wind structure in an X-ray binary revealed by a precessing accretion disk
- Chandra and XMM-Newton view of the Warm Absorbing Gas in Mrk 290
- Diagnostics of Parameters for the X-ray Jets of SS 433 from High-Resolution Chandra Spectroscopy
- Progress toward a Soft X-ray Polarimeter
- A Deep Exposure in High Resolution X-Rays Reveals the Hottest Plasma in the Puppis Wind
- A deep, multi-epoch Chandra HETG study of the ionized outflow from NGC 4051
- The Exceptional X-ray Evolution of SN1996cr in High Resolution
- On the binary nature of massive blue hypergiants: high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy suggests that Cyg OB2 12 is a colliding wind binary
- Detection of the orbital modulation of Fe K fluorescence emission in Centaurus X-3 using the high-resolution spectrometer Resolve onboard XRISM
- X-ray Emission and Corona of the Young Intermediate Mass Binary Ori E
- Delving into the depths of NGC 3783 with XRISM II. Cross-calibration of X-ray instruments used in the large, multi-mission observational campaign
- The Chandra High Resolution X-ray Spectrum of Quiescent Emission from Sgr A*
- Long-term X-ray Variability of the Symbiotic System RT Cru based on Chandra Spectroscopy
- New Constraints on the Geometry and Kinematics of Matter Surrounding the Accretion Flow in X-ray Binaries from HETG X-ray Spectroscopy
- Multiwavelength study of RX J2015.6+3711: a magnetic cataclysmic variable with a 2-hr spin period
- The intrinsic line width of the Fe Ka line of AGN
- A Chandra-HETG VIEW OF MCG +8-11-11
- A systematic study of the ultra-fast outflow responses to luminosity variations in active galactic nuclei
- A Detection of an X-ray Wind and an Ionized Disk in the Chandra HETGS Observation of the Seyfert 2 Galaxy IRAS 18325-5926
- FK Comae Berenices, King of Spin: The COCOA-PUFS Project
- Stratified wind from a super-Eddington X-ray binary is slower than expected
- Multitude of iron lines including a Compton scattered component in OAO 1657--415 detected with Chandra
- Peculiar Lapse of Periodic Eclipsing Event at Low Mass X-ray Binary GRS 1747312 during Suzaku Observation in 2009
- New Insights with XRISM & Cloudy: A novel Column Density Diagnostic
- The hot interstellar medium towards 4U 1820-30: a Bayesian analysis
- Chandra spectral measurements of the O supergiant Puppis indicate a surprising increase in the wind mass-loss rate over 18 years
- A Coordinated X-ray and Optical Campaign on the Nearest Massive Eclipsing Binary, Delta Ori Aa: I. Overview of the X-ray Spectrum
- Constraints on the ultra-fast outflows in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 1044 from high-resolution time- and flux-resolved spectroscopy
- Evidence of Compton cooling during an X-ray flare supports a neutron star nature of the compact object in 4U1700-37
- The long stare at Hercules X-1 -- I. Emission lines from the outer disk, the magnetosphere boundary and the accretion curtain
- Kinematics of Supernova Remnants: Status of X-Ray Observations
- Long-term variations in the X-ray activity of HR 1099
- Polarimetry with a soft x-ray spectrometer
- High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy of the Seyfert 1, Mrk 1040. Revealing the Failed Nuclear Wind with Chandra
- The clumpy torus around type II AGN as revealed by X-ray fluorescent lines
- Physics Beyond the Standard Model with Future X-ray Observatories: Projected Constraints on Very-Light Axion-Like Particles with and
- Spectral analysis of the AMXP IGR J17591-2342 during its 2018 outburst
- Revisit the Circumnuclear X-ray Emission of NGC 2992 in a Historically Low State
- Stellar wind variability in Cygnus X-1 from high-resolution excess variance spectroscopy with Chandra
- Probing the Extent of Fe K Emission in Nearby Active Galactic Nuclei using Multi-Order Analysis of Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Data
- Revealing the state transition of Cen X-3 at high spectral resolution with Chandra
- The impact of improved plasma diagnostics on modeling the X-ray Universe
- Arcsecond-Scale X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy of SS 433 with Chandra HETG
- Testing the Reliability of X-rays as a Tool for Constraining Mass-loss Rates of Hot Stars
- On the emitting region of X-ray fluorescent lines around Compton-thick AGN
- X-ray Properties of Low-Mass Pre-Main Sequence Stars in the Orion Trapezium Cluster
- A NICER viewing angle on the accretion stream of Vela X-1
- A Unique Resource for Solar Flare Diagnostic Studies: the SMM Bent Crystal Spectrometer
- Measuring interacting binary mass functions with X-ray fluorescence
- Hot thermal X-ray emission from the Be star HD119682
- Broad Observational Perspectives Achieved by the Accreting White Dwarf Sciences in the XMM-Newton and Chandra Eras
- Leveraging High Resolution Spectra to Understand Black Hole Spectra
- XRISM view of a stellar flare: High-resolution Fe K spectra of HR 1099, an RS CVn-type star
- Gamma Ray Fresnel lenses - why not?
- Observed epochal variations in X-ray lines from the O Supergiant Puppis do not require substantial changes in the wind mass flux
- Observing gravitational redshift with X-Ray emission in galaxy clusters with Athena X-IFU
- The FeK Compton shoulder in accreting Supermassive Black Holes
- Modeling the SS 433 Jet Bends
- Winds of Massive Stars: High Resolution X-ray Spectra of Stars in NGC 3603
- Search For Gravitational Redshifted Absorption Lines In LMXB Serpens X-1
- Accretion-disk reflection in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3783 as viewed by Chandra grating spectroscopy
- Wind-luminosity evolution in NLS1 AGN 1H 0707-495
- Serendipitous Discovery of Warm Absorbers in the Seyfert 2 Galaxy IRAS 18325-5926
- Applied Nanofabrication for X-ray Grating Spectroscopy