Fourth-order and six-order nonlinear spin current rectifier in three-dimensional $h$-wave and $j$-wave odd-parity magnet

Abstract

Higher-order symmetric $X$-wave magnets consist of two groups. One includes $d$-wave, $g$-wave and $i$-wave altermagnets, while the other includes $p$-wave and $f$-wave odd-parity magnets. Recently, the possibility of $h$-wave magnets has been discussed. Motivated by this development, we systematically construct an $X$-wave magnet with $\left(N_X+1\right)$ nodes in three dimensions from an $X$-wave magnet with $N_X$ nodes in two dimensions by means of a dimensional extension, where $N_X=1,2,3,4,6$ for $X=p,d,f,g,i$, respectively. Based on this method, we predict $j$-wave magnets in three dimensions. Then, we argue how to identify each of these $X$-wave magnets experimentally. We show that the $X$-wave magnet is completely identified by measuring the nonlinear spin currents. In particular, we predict that there are no spin currents other than the fourth-order ones such as ${\sigma }_{\text{spin}}^{x^{3}y;z}$ in $h$-wave odd-parity magnets in three dimensions and the sixth-order ones such as ${\sigma }_{\text{spin}}^{x^{5}y;z}$ in $j$-wave odd-parity magnets in three dimensions. They function as spin-current rectifier because the spin current exhibits unidirectional flow independent of the applied electric field.

10 pages, 4 figures