Most Strong Lensing Deflectors in the AGEL Survey Are in Group and Cluster Environments

Abstract

The environments of deflectors in strong lensing systems affect our ability to test cosmological models and constrain evolutionary properties of galaxies. Here we measure the deflector scale (Einstein mass) and deflector environment (halo mass) of 89 spectroscopically confirmed strong lenses in the ASTRO3D Galaxy Evolution With Lenses (AGEL) survey. We classify deflector scale by measuring ${\theta }_{\mathrm{E}}$ to determine the mass enclosed by the Einstein radius, $M(<{\theta }_{\mathrm{E}})$. We quantify deflector environment by using photometric redshifts to determine the galaxy surface density to the fifth-nearest neighbor ${\Sigma }_5(z)$. We find that 47.2% of our deflectors are embedded in cluster environments, whereas only 9.0% have cluster-scale Einstein radii (masses). We measure a weak correlation ($r=0.38$) between Einstein mass and ${\Sigma }_5(z)$, suggesting that the assumption of single galaxy-scale deflectors in lens modeling is overly-simplified. We hypothesize that the weak correlation results from galaxy-scale bias in the original AGEL selection and the observational challenge of detecting faint arcs with large Einstein radii. Comparing number densities, $N_{\mathrm{gal}}$, between AGEL and control fields, we find that AGEL deflectors are in systematically denser environments. Our study provides a method to identify strong lenses as a function of deflector environment and approximate the impact of large-scale environment in lens modeling. We provide the measured lensing parameters for our 89 AGEL systems as well as $z_{\mathrm{phot}}$ and $r$-mag (AB) maps of the line-of-sight.

arXiv comment23 pages, 12 figures, and 4 tables. Published in AJ (DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ae4480)

References in corpus (66)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• EAZY: A Fast, Public Photometric Redshift Code
• Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
• H0LiCOW XIII. A 2.4% measurement of $H_0$ from lensed quasars: $5.3\sigma$ tension between early and late-Universe probes
• Galaxy halo masses and satellite fractions from galaxy-galaxy lensing in the SDSS: stellar mass, luminosity, morphology, and environment dependencies
• The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. I. A Large Spectroscopically Selected Sample of Massive Early-Type Lens Galaxies
• The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. V. The Full ACS Strong-Lens Sample
• Massive Dark-matter halos and Evolution of Early-type Galaxies to z=1
• The unWISE Catalog: Two Billion Infrared Sources from Five Years of WISE Imaging
• The population of galaxy-galaxy strong lenses in forthcoming optical imaging surveys
• Photometric Redshifts for Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program Data Release 1
• Lenstronomy: multi-purpose gravitational lens modelling software package
• The Clustering of DESI-like Luminous Red Galaxies Using Photometric Redshifts
• The Halos of Satellite Galaxies: the Companion of the Massive Elliptical Lens SL2S J08544-0121
• Measurement of Galaxy Cluster Sizes, Radial Profiles, and Luminosity Functions from SDSS Photometric Data
• An excess of small-scale gravitational lenses observed in galaxy clusters
• The CFHTLS-Strong Lensing Legacy Survey (SL2S): Investigating the group-scale lenses with the SARCS sample
• The 2dF-SDSS LRG and QSO survey: Evolution of the Luminosity Function of Luminous Red Galaxies to z=0.6
• Constraining the mass distribution of galaxies using galaxy-galaxy lensing in clusters and in the field
• Measuring Galaxy Environments with Deep Redshift Surveys
• First catalog of strong lens candidates in the COSMOS field
• CLASH-VLT: A Highly Precise Strong Lensing Model of the Galaxy Cluster RXC J2248.7-4431 (Abell S1063) and Prospects for Cosmography
• Cosmological Constraints from the double source plane lens SDSSJ0946+1006
• Dark matter halos of massive elliptical galaxies at $z\sim 0.2$ are well described by the Navarro-Frenk-White profile
• The redshift distribution of gravitational lenses revisited: Constraints on galaxy mass evolution
• The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. VIII. The relation between environment and internal structure of early-type galaxies
• A Comparison of Six Photometric Redshift Methods Applied to 1.5 Million Luminous Red Galaxies
• The Importance of Lens Galaxy Environments
• Finding high-redshift strong lenses in DES using convolutional neural networks
• Cosmological constraints from Planck galaxy clusters with CMB lensing mass bias calibration
• Measuring the power spectrum of dark matter substructure using strong gravitational lensing
• Strong lensing models of eight CLASH clusters from extensive spectroscopy: accurate total mass reconstructions in the cores
• The image separation distribution of strong lenses: Halo versus subhalo populations
• The Effect of Environment on Shear in Strong Gravitational Lenses
• Survey of Gravitationally-lensed Objects in HSC Imaging (SuGOHI). II. Environments and Line-of-Sight Structure of Strong Gravitational Lens Galaxies to z ~ 0.8
• Galaxy Number Counts and Implications for Strong Lensing
• Evidence for the inside-out growth of the stellar mass distribution in galaxy clusters since z~1
• Cosmography from two-image lens systems: overcoming the lens profile slope degeneracy
• Galaxy structure with strong gravitational lensing: decomposing the internal mass distribution of massive elliptical galaxies
• The Hubble constant from strongly lensed supernovae with standardizable magnifications
• Galaxy cluster strong lensing cosmography: cosmological constraints from a sample of regular galaxy clusters
• On the evolution of environmental and mass properties of strong lens galaxies in COSMOS
• Statistical strong lensing. I. Constraints on the inner structure of galaxies from samples of a thousand lenses
• Cosmography with cluster strong lensing
• The Environments of SLACS Gravitational Lenses
• An Application of Multi-band Forced Photometry to One Square Degree of SERVS: Accurate Photometric Redshifts and Implications for Future Science
• The eventful life of GS-z14-0, the most distant galaxy at redshift $z=14.32$
• Compound lensing: Einstein Zig-Zags and high multiplicity lensed images
• The Sloan Bright Arcs Survey: Ten Strong Gravitational Lensing Clusters and Evidence of Overconcentration
• Large Scale Structures in COSMOS2020: Evolution of Star Formation Activity in Different Environments at 0.4 < z < 4
• The impact of human expert visual inspection on the discovery of strong gravitational lenses
• A Spectroscopic Survey of the Fields of 28 Strong Gravitational Lenses: Implications for $H_0$
• The influence of the matter along the line of sight and in the lens environment on the strong gravitational lensing
• A halo model approach for mock catalogs of time-variable strong gravitational lenses
• AGEL: Is the Conflict Real? Investigating Galaxy Evolution Models using Strong Lensing at 0.3 < z < 0.9
• Efficient Mass Estimate at the Core of Strong Lensing Galaxy Clusters Using the Einstein Radius
• The Carousel Lens: A Well-Modeled Strong Lens with Multiple Lensed Sources
• Searching for galaxy-scale strong-lenses in galaxy clusters with deep networks -- I: methodology and network performance
• Strong Lensing In The Inner Halo Of Galaxy Clusters
• Constraining Cosmology with Double-source-plane Strong Gravitational Lenses from the AGEL Survey
• The Kaleidoscope Survey: Strong Gravitational Lensing in Galaxy Clusters with Radial Arcs