Classification of Radio Backgrounds at Cosmic Dawn and 21 cm Signal Confirmation Using Neural Networks

Abstract

Several ongoing and upcoming radio telescopes aim to detect either the global 21 cm signal or the 21 cm power spectrum. The extragalactic radio background, as detected by ARCADE-2 and LWA-1, suggests a strong radio background from cosmic dawn, which can significantly alter the cosmological 21 cm signal, enhancing both the global signal amplitude and the 21 cm power spectrum. In this paper, we employ an artificial neural network (ANN) to check if there is a radio excess over the cosmic microwave background in mock data, and if present, we classify its type into one of two categories, a background from high-redshift radio galaxies or a uniform exotic background from the early Universe. Based on clean data (without observational noise), the ANN can predict the background radiation type with $96\%$ accuracy for the power spectrum and $90\%$ for the global signal. Although observational noise reduces the accuracy, the results remain quite useful. We also apply ANNs to map the relation between the 21 cm power spectrum and the global signal. By reconstructing the global signal using the 21 cm power spectrum, an ANN can estimate the global signal range consistent with an observed power spectrum from SKA-like experiments. Conversely, we show that an ANN can reconstruct the 21 cm power spectrum over a wide range of redshifts and wavenumbers given the global signal over the same redshifts. Such trained networks can potentially serve as a valuable tool for cross-confirmation of the 21 cm signal.

arXiv commentRevision to match the published version

References in corpus (82)

• Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python
• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Array Programming with NumPy
• Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters
• Efficient Computation of CMB anisotropies in closed FRW models
• Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei
• Large scale bias and the peak background split
• An absorption profile centred at 78 megahertz in the sky-averaged spectrum
• 21-cm cosmology
• 21-cm Tomography of the Intergalactic Medium at High Redshift
• 21cmFAST: A Fast, Semi-Numerical Simulation of the High-Redshift 21-cm Signal
• High Mass X-ray Binaries as a Star Formation Rate Indicator in Distant Galaxies
• Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA)
• X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies - I. High-mass X-ray binaries
• Possible interaction between baryons and dark-matter particles revealed by the first stars
• Relative velocity of dark matter and baryonic fluids and the formation of the first structures
• Destruction of Molecular Hydrogen During Cosmological Reionization
• Bright Source Subtraction Requirements For Redshifted 21 cm Measurements
• What Next-Generation 21 cm Power Spectrum Measurements Can Teach Us About the Epoch of Reionization
• ARCADE 2 Measurement of the Extra-Galactic Sky Temperature at 3-90 GHz
• Unusually Large Fluctuations in the Statistics of Galaxy Formation at High Redshift
• Insights on Dark Matter from Hydrogen during Cosmic Dawn
• X-ray Binary Evolution Across Cosmic Time
• 21CMMC: an MCMC analysis tool enabling astrophysical parameter studies of the cosmic 21 cm signal
• Enhanced global signal of neutral hydrogen due to excess radiation at cosmic dawn
• Severely Constraining Dark Matter Interpretations of the 21-cm Anomaly
• Signs of Dark Matter at 21-cm?
• Deep multi-redshift limits on Epoch of Reionisation 21cm Power Spectra from Four Seasons of Murchison Widefield Array Observations
• The Evolution of Lyman Limit Absorption Systems to Redshift Six
• Modeling the Radio Background from the First Black Holes at Cosmic Dawn: Implications for the 21 cm Absorption Amplitude
• The observable signature of late heating of the Universe during cosmic reionization
• First Results from HERA Phase I: Upper Limits on the Epoch of Reionization 21 cm Power Spectrum
• Charting the Parameter Space of the Global 21-cm Signal
• Signature of Excess Radio Background in the 21-cm Global Signal and Power Spectrum
• Overcoming real-world obstacles in 21 cm power spectrum estimation: A method demonstration and results from early Murchison Widefield Array data
• LOFAR/H-ATLAS: The low-frequency radio luminosity - star-formation rate relation
• Improved Constraints on the 21 cm EoR Power Spectrum and the X-Ray Heating of the IGM with HERA Phase I Observations
• What does the first highly-redshifted 21-cm detection tell us about early galaxies?
• The signature of the first stars in atomic hydrogen at redshift 20
• Design and characterization of the Large-Aperture Experiment to Detect the Dark Age (LEDA) radiometer systems
• Lx-SFR relation in star forming galaxies
• Tighter Limits on Dark Matter Explanations of the Anomalous EDGES 21cm Signal
• HERA Phase I Limits on the Cosmic 21-cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology During the Epoch of Reionization
• Probing the Dark Ages at Z~20: The SCI-HI 21 cm All-Sky Spectrum Experiment
• The Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionization with the Square Kilometre Array
• The 21-cm signature of the first stars during the Lyman-Werner feedback era
• The X-ray spectra of the first galaxies: 21cm signatures
• Reviving Millicharged Dark Matter for 21-cm Cosmology
• The Radio Background Below 100 MHz
• Quantifying the non-Gaussianity in the EoR 21-cm signal through bispectrum
• The 21 cm Power Spectrum from the Cosmic Dawn: First Results from the OVRO-LWA
• A Size of ~10 Mpc for the Ionized Bubbles at the End of Cosmic Reionization
• Emulating Simulations of Cosmic Dawn for 21cm Power Spectrum Constraints on Cosmology, Reionization, and X-ray Heating
• The first power spectrum limit on the 21-cm signal of neutral hydrogen during the Cosmic Dawn at z=20-25 from LOFAR
• The REACH radiometer for detecting the 21-cm hydrogen signal from redshift 7.5 to 28
• How does radiative feedback from a UV background impact reionization?
• Emulation of reionization simulations for Bayesian inference of astrophysics parameters using neural networks
• Tight Constraints on the Excess Radio Background at $z=9.1$ from LOFAR
• High-redshift radio galaxies: a potential new source of 21-cm fluctuations
• The subtlety of Ly-a photons: changing the expected range of the 21-cm signal
• The rich complexity of 21-cm fluctuations produced by the first stars
• Emulating the Global 21-cm Signal from Cosmic Dawn and Reionization
• Constraining the redshifted 21-cm signal with the unresolved soft X-ray background
• The Impact of Foregrounds on Redshift Space Distortion Measurements With the Highly-Redshifted 21 cm Line
• The real shape of non-Gaussianities
• The trispectrum of 21-cm background anisotropies as a probe of primordial non-Gaussianity
• Astrophysical Constraints from the SARAS3 non-detection of the Cosmic Dawn Sky-Averaged 21-cm Signal
• The impact of EDGES 21-cm data on dark matter interactions
• The Radio Scream from Black Holes at Cosmic Dawn: A Semi-Analytic Model for the Impact of Radio Loud Black-Holes on the 21 cm Global Signal
• GLOBALEMU: A novel and robust approach for emulating the sky-averaged 21-cm signal from the cosmic dawn and epoch of reionisation
• Radio background and IGM heating due to Pop III supernovae explosions
• Mapper of the IGM spin temperature: instrument overview
• A 21-cm power spectrum at 48 MHz, using the Owens Valley Long Wavelength Array
• The 21-cm BAO signature of enriched low-mass galaxies during cosmic reionization
• The wedge bias in reionization 21-cm power spectrum measurements
• Cosmic backgrounds due to the formation of the first generation of supermassive black holes
• The Second Radio Synchrotron Background Workshop: Conference Summary and Report
• 21cmVAE: A Very Accurate Emulator of the 21-cm Global Signal
• The role of soft photon injection and heating in 21 cm cosmology
• Imprints of quasar duty cycle on the 21cm signal from the Epoch of Reionization
• Emulation of the Cosmic Dawn 21-cm Power Spectrum and Classification of Excess Radio Models Using an Artificial Neural Network
• Mapping discrete galaxies at cosmic dawn with 21-centimeter observations