Toroidic phase transitions in a direct-kagome artificial spin ice

Abstract

Ferrotoroidicity, the fourth form of primary ferroic order, breaks both space and time inversion symmetry. So far, direct observation of ferrotoroidicity in natural materials remains elusive, which impedes the exploration of ferrotoroidic phase transitions. Here, we overcome the limitations of natural materials using an artificial nanomagnet system that can be characterized at the constituent level and at different effective temperatures. We design a nanomagnet array as to realize a direct-kagome spin ice. This artificial spin ice exhibits robust toroidal moments and a quasi-degenerate ground state with two distinct low-temperature toroidal phases: ferrotoroidicity and paratoroidicity. Using magnetic force microscopy and Monte Carlo simulation, we demonstrate a phase transition between ferrotoroidicity and paratoroidicity, along with a crossover to a non-toroidal paramagnetic phase. Our quasi-degenerate artificial spin ice in a direct-kagome structure provides a model system for the investigation of magnetic states and phase transitions that are inaccessible in natural materials.

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Cited by in corpus (4)

• Topological geometric frustration in a cube-surface artificial spin ice
• Realizing Blume-Capel Degrees of Freedom with Toroidal Moments in a Ruby Artificial Spin Ice
• Phase transitions and crtical exponents in the six-vertex model on kagome lattices
• Modern triad for magnetic material science: geometric shape, electronic bands and spin textures