Understanding Thermal Annealing of Artificial Spin Ice

Abstract

We have performed a detailed study of thermal annealing of the moment configuration in artificial spin ice. Permalloy (Ni${}_{80}$Fe${}_{20}$) artificial spin ice samples were examined in the prototypical square ice geometry, studying annealing as a function of island thickness, island shape, and annealing temperature and duration. We also measured the Curie temperature as a function of film thickness, finding that thickness has a strong effect on the Curie temperature in regimes of relevance to many studies of the dynamics of artificial spin ice systems. Increasing the interaction energy between island moments and reducing the energy barrier to flipping the island moments allows the system to more closely approach the collective low energy state of the moments upon annealing, suggesting new channels for understanding the thermalization processes in these important model systems.

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• flatspin: A Large-Scale Artificial Spin Ice Simulator
• Chiral switching and dynamic barrier reductions in artificial square ice
• Signatures of long range dipolar interactions in artificial square ice
• Artificial Spin Ice: A Tutorial on Design and Control of Geometry, Microstate, Magnon Dynamics & Neuromorphic Computing
• Toroidic phase transitions in a direct-kagome artificial spin ice
• Collective ferromagnetism of artificial square spin ice
• Unidirectional propagation of spin waves excited by femtosecond laser pulses in a planar waveguide
• Nonlinear Seebeck effect in Ni${}_{81}$Fe${}_{19}$|Pt at room temperature
• Metastability and dynamics in remanent states of square artificial spin ice with long-range dipole interactions
• Relaxation pathways and emergence of domains in square artificial spin ice
• Magnetic Order and Long-Range Interactions in Mesoscopic Ising Chains
• Long-range order in arrays of composite and monolithic magneto-toroidal moments
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• Attaining the Ground State of Kagome Artificial Spin Ice via Ultrafast Site-Specific Laser Annealing
• Controlling degeneracy and magnetization switching in an artificial spin ice system of peanut-shaped nanomagnets