Testing external photoevaporation in the $\sigma$-Orionis cluster with spectroscopy and disk mass measurements

Abstract

The evolution of protoplanetary disks is regulated by an interplay of several processes, either internal to the system or related to the environment. As most of the stars and planets have formed in massive stellar clusters, studying the effects of UV radiation on disk evolution is of paramount importance. Here we test the impact of external photoevaporation on the evolution of disks in the $\sigma$ Orionis cluster by conducting the first combined large-scale UV to IR spectroscopic and mm-continuum survey of this region. We study a sample of 50 targets located at increasing distances from the central, OB system $\sigma$ Ori. We combine new VLT/X-Shooter spectra with new and previously published ALMA measurements of disk dust and gas fluxes and masses. We confirm the previously found decrease of $M_{\mathrm{dust}}$ in the inner $\sim$0.5 pc of the cluster. This is particularly evident when considering the disks around the more massive stars ($\ge$ 0.4 $M_{\odot }$), where those located in the inner part ($<$ 0.5 pc) have $M_{\mathrm{dust}}$ about an order of magnitude lower than the more distant ones. About half of the sample is located in the region of the ${\dot{M}}_{\mathrm{acc}}$ vs $M_{\mathrm{disk}}$ expected by models of external photoevaporation, namely showing shorter disk lifetimes. These are observed for all targets with projected separation from $\sigma$ Ori $<$ 0.5 pc, proving that the presence of a massive stellar system affects disk evolution. External photoevaporation is a viable mechanism to explain the observed shorter disk lifetimes and lower $M_{\mathrm{dust}}$ in the inner $\sim$0.5 pc of the cluster. Follow-up observations of the low stellar mass targets are crucial to confirm the dependence of the external photoevaporation process with stellar host mass. This work confirms that the effects of external photoevaporation are significant down to impinging radiation as low as $\sim 10^4$ G${}_0$.

Accepted for publication on Astronomy & Astrophysics. 13 pages, 7 figures + appendix. Abstract abridged to meet arXiv requirements

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