Q-balls in polynomial potentials

Abstract

Bosons carrying a conserved charge can form stable bound states if their Lagrangian contains attractive self-interactions. Bound-state configurations with a large charge $Q$ can be described classically and are denoted as Q-balls, their properties encoded in a non-linear differential equation. Here, we study Q-balls in arbitrary polynomial single-scalar-field potentials both numerically and via various analytical approximations. We highlight some surprising universal features of Q-balls that barely depend on the details of the potential. The polynomial potentials studied here can be realized in renormalizable models involving additional heavy or light scalars, as we illustrate with several examples.

arXiv comment13 pages, matches PRD version

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• The Resurgence of the G(2) Group for the Strong Sector and the Emergence of Dark Matter
• Can dark-matter Q-balls grow to the mass gap masses?
• Q-balls across dimensions
• Understanding the Quantized Angular Momentum of Rotating Q-balls