Distributions of gas and small and large grains in the LkH$\alpha 330$ disk trace a young planetary system

Abstract

[abridged] We present new scattered light and millimeter observations of the protoplanetary disk around LkH$\alpha 330$, using SPHERE/VLT and ALMA, respectively. The scattered-light SPHERE observations reveal an asymmetric ring at around 45au from the star in addition to two spiral arms with similar radial launching points at around 90au. The millimeter observations from ALMA (resolution of 0.06''$\times$0.04'') mainly show an asymmetric ring located at 110au from the star. In addition to this asymmetry, there are two faint symmetric rings at 60au and 200au. The ${}^{12}$CO, ${}^{13}$CO, and C${}^{18}$O lines seem to be less abundant in the inner disk (these observations have a resolution of 0.16''$\times$0.11''). The ${}^{13}$CO peaks at a location similar to the inner ring observed with SPHERE, suggesting that this line is optically thick and traces variations of disk temperature instead of gas surface-density variations, while the C${}^{18}$O peaks slightly further away at around 60au. We compare our observations with hydrodynamical simulations that include gas and dust evolution, and conclude that a 10$M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$ mass planet at 60au and in an eccentric orbit ($e=0.1$) can qualitatively explain most of the observed structures. A planet in a circular orbit leads to a much narrower concentration in the millimeter emission, while a planet in a more eccentric orbit leads to a very eccentric cavity as well. In addition, the outer spiral arm launched by the planet changes its pitch angle along the spiral due to the eccentricity and when it interacts with the vortex, potentially appearing in observations as two distinct spirals. Our observations and models show that LkH$\alpha 330$ is an interesting target to search for (eccentric-) planets while they are still embedded in their parental disk, making it an excellent candidate for studies on planet-disk interaction.

Accepted for publication in A&A, minor changes after language edition

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