Cosmological Results from the RAISIN Survey: Using Type Ia Supernovae in the Near Infrared as a Novel Path to Measure the Dark Energy Equation of State

Abstract

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are more precise standardizable candles when measured in the near-infrared (NIR) than in the optical. With this motivation, from 2012-2017 we embarked on the RAISIN program with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to obtain rest-frame NIR light curves for a cosmologically distant sample of 37 SN Ia ($0.2\lesssim z\lesssim 0.6$) discovered by Pan-STARRS and the Dark Energy Survey. By comparing higher-$z$ HST data with 42 SN Ia at $z<0.1$ observed in the NIR by the Carnegie Supernova Project, we construct a Hubble diagram from NIR observations (with only time of maximum light and some selection cuts from optical data) to pursue a unique avenue to constrain the dark energy equation of state parameter, $w$. We analyze the dependence of the full set of Hubble residuals on the SN Ia host galaxy mass and find Hubble residual steps of size $\sim$0.06-0.1~mag with 1.5- to 2.5-$\sigma$ significance depending on the method and step location. Combining our NIR sample with CMB constraints, we find $1+w=-0.17\pm 0.12$ (stat$+$syst). The largest systematic errors are the redshift-dependent SN selection biases and the properties of the NIR mass step. We also use these data to measure $H_0=75.9\pm 2.2$ km s${}^{-1}$ Mpc${}^{-1}$ from stars with geometric distance calibration in the hosts of 8 SNe Ia observed in the NIR versus $H_0=71.2\pm 3.8$ km s${}^{-1}$ Mpc${}^{-1}$ using an inverse distance ladder approach tied to Planck. Using optical data we find $1+w=-0.10\pm 0.09$ and with optical and NIR data combined, we find $1+w=-0.06\pm 0.07$; these shifts of up to 0.11 in $w$ could point to inconsistency in optical versus NIR SN models. There will be many opportunities to improve this NIR measurement and better understand systematic uncertainties through larger low-$z$ samples, new light-curve models, calibration improvements, and by building high-$z$ samples from the Roman Space Telescope.

Updated cosmology constraints and text to match published version, and with data release at https://github.com/djones1040/RAISIN_DataRelease

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