Constraints on the models of the origin of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos

Abstract

The existence of astrophysical neutrinos with energies of tens of TeV and higher has been reliably established by the IceCube experiment; the first confirmations of this discovery are being obtained with the ANTARES and Baikal-GVD facilities. The observational results do not fully agree with what was expected before the start of these experiments. The origin of these neutrinos has not been conclusively established, and simple theoretical models, popular for decades, cannot explain all observational data. This review summarizes the experimental results with emphasis on those important for constraining theoretical models, discusses various scenarios for the origin of high-energy neutrinos and briefly lists particualr classes of their potential astrophysical sources. It is demonstrated that the observational data may be explained if the flux of astrophysical neutrinos includes the contribution of extragalactic sources, dominating at the highest energies, and the Galactic component, significant only at neutrino energies <~100 TeV. Other possible scenarios are also discussed.

32 pages, 23 figures, 271 references. Invited review published in Physics Uspekhi in a special issue dedicated to the 50th anniversary of INR RAS

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• Growing evidence for high-energy neutrinos originating in radio blazars
• Galactic contribution to the high-energy neutrino flux found in track-like IceCube events
• High-energy neutrino-induced cascade from the direction of the flaring radio blazar TXS 0506+056 observed by Baikal-GVD in 2021
• Search for directional associations between Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector neutrino-induced cascades and high-energy astrophysical sources
• Neutrino flares of radio blazars observed from TeV to PeV
• Association of the IceCube neutrinos with blazars in the CGRaBS sample
• The origin of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos: new results and prospects
• Search for spatial coincidence between IceCube neutrinos and radio pulsars
• PeV proton acceleration in Gamma-ray Binaries
• Probing the Galactic neutrino flux at neutrino energies above 200 TeV with the Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector
• Neutrino production in blazar radio cores
• Probing neutrino production in blazars by millimeter VLBI
• Hard X-ray emission from blazars associated with high-energy neutrinos
• Energy-dependent flavor ratios, cascade/track spectrum tension and high-energy neutrinos from magnetospheres of supermassive black holes
• Insights from leptohadronic modelling of the brightest blazar flare
• General constraints on sources of high-energy cosmic rays from the interaction losses
• First Search for High-Energy Neutrino Emission from Galaxy Mergers
• The $L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }$ solution to the IceCube Ultra High Energy neutrino deficit in light of NA64
• An isotropic full-sky sample of optically selected blazars
• Optimizing the hunt for extraterrestrial high-energy neutrino counterparts
• On the contribution of cosmic-ray interactions in the circumgalactic gas to the observed high-energy neutrino flux