The imprint of X-ray photoevaporation of planet-forming discs on the orbital distribution of giant planets -- II. Theoretical predictions

Abstract

Numerical models have shown that disc dispersal via internal photoevaporation driven by the host star can successfully reproduce the observed pile-up of warm Jupiters near 1-2 au. However, since a range of different mechanisms have been proposed to cause the same feature, clear observational diagnostics of disc dispersal leaving an imprint in the observed distribution of giant planets could help to constrain the dominant mechanisms. We aim to assess the impact of disc dispersal via X-ray driven-photoevaporation (XPE) onto giant planet separations in order to provide theoretical constraints on the location and size of any possible features related to this process within their observed orbital distribution. For this purpose, we perform a set of 1D population syntheses with varying initial conditions and correlate the gas giants' final parking locations with the X-ray luminosities of their host stars in order to quantify observables of this process within the $L_{\mathrm{x}}$-$a$-plane of these systems. We find that XPE indeed creates an underdensity of gas giants near the gravitational radius, with corresponding pile-ups inside and/or outside of this location. However, the size and location of these features are strongly dependent on the choice of initial conditions in our model, such as the assumed formation location of the planets. XPE can strongly affect the migration process of giant planets and leave potentially observable signatures within the observed orbital separations of giant planets. However, due to the simplistic approach employed in our model, which lacks a self-consistent treatment of planet formation within an evolving disc, a quantitative analysis of the final planet population orbits is not possible. Our results however strongly motivate future studies to include realistic disc dispersal mechanisms into global planet population synthesis models.

arXiv commentaccepted for publication in A&A on May 11, 2021

References in corpus (77)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Disk Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters
• Towards a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation I: a Desert in the Mass and Semi Major Axis Distributions of Extra Solar Planets
• The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets
• Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70
• Extrasolar planet population synthesis I: Method, formation tracks and mass-distance distribution
• Planet formation around stars of various masses: The snow line and the frequency of giant planets
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs II: evolutionary models and observable properties
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks due to External FUV Radiation in Stellar Aggregates
• Disk Accretion Onto High-Mass Planets
• Timescale of Mass Accretion in Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
• Observed Properties of Exoplanets: Masses, Orbits, and Metallicities
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks by FUV, EUV and X-ray Radiation from the Central Star
• The XMM-Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud (XEST)
• Extrasolar planet population synthesis IV. Correlations with disk metallicity, mass and lifetime
• Improved angular momentum evolution model for solar-like stars
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Models of X-Ray & EUV Photoevaporating Protoplanetary Discs
• On the theory of disc photoevaporation
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs I: hydrodynamic models
• The evolution of X-ray emission in young stars
• Protoplanetary disk lifetimes vs stellar mass and possible implications for giant planet populations
• Initial Conditions of Planet Formation: Lifetimes of Primordial Disks
• Protoplanetary disc evolution and dispersal: the implications of X-ray photoevaportion
• Time-Evolution of Viscous Circumstellar Disks due to Photoevaporation by FUV, EUV and X-ray Radiation from the Central Star
• Hints for a Turnover at the Snow Line in the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate
• Orbital and atmospheric characterization of the planet within the gap of the PDS 70 transition disk
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks around Young Stars
• The Extreme Ultraviolet and X-Ray Sun in Time: High-Energy Evolutionary Tracks of a Solar-Like Star
• Evolution of Protoplanetary Discs with Magnetically Driven Disc Winds
• Turbulence in the TW Hya Disk
• On the formation of planetary systems via oligarchic growth in thermally evolving viscous discs
• Nested-grid calculations of disk-planet interaction
• Giant planet migration, disk evolution, and the origin of transitional disks
• Disk evolution in the solar neighborhood. I Disk frequencies from 1 to 100 Myr
• Protoplanetary disc truncation mechanisms in stellar clusters: comparing external photoevaporation and tidal encounters
• X-ray irradiated protoplanetary disk atmospheres II: Predictions from models in hydrostatic equilibrium
• Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: Growth of gas giants
• Statistics of Long Period Gas Giant Planets in Known Planetary Systems
• Migration of extrasolar planets to large orbital radii
• Gas disks to gas giants: Simulating the birth of planetary systems
• The dispersal of protoplanetary discs I: A new generation of X-ray photoevaporation models
• Predictions for the frequency and orbital radii of massive extrasolar planets
• Viscous diffusion and photoevaporation of stellar disks
• Cool Jupiters greatly outnumber their toasty siblings: Occurrence rates from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search
• External photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs in sparse stellar groups: the impact of dust growth
• The FRIED grid of mass loss rates for externally irradiated protoplanetary discs
• Massive planet migration: Theoretical predictions and comparison with observations
• The interplay between X-ray photoevaporation and planet formation
• Planet population synthesis driven by pebble accretion in cluster environments
• Towards a population synthesis model of self-gravitating disc fragmentation and tidal downsizing II: The effect of fragment-fragment interactions
• Deserts and pile-ups in the distribution of exoplanets due to photoevaporative disc clearing
• Evolutionary Tracks of Trapped, Accreting Protoplanets: the Origin of the Observed Mass-Period Relation
• Hydrodynamic Photoevaporation of Protoplanetary Disks with Consistent Thermochemistry
• The link between disc dispersal by photoevaporation and the semi-major axis distribution of exoplanets
• Slowing Down Type II Migration of Gas Giants to Match Observational Data
• Global models of planetary system formation in radiatively-inefficient protoplanetary discs
• Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations of Photoevaporation of Protoplanetary Disks by Ultra Violet Radiation: Metallicity Dependence
• Giant planet formation at the pressure maxima of protoplanetary disks II. A hybrid accretion scenario
• Low EUV Luminosities Impinging on Protoplanetary Disks
• Prevalent externally-driven protoplanetary disc dispersal as a function of the galactic environment
• The Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator. II -- Population Synthesis in the Era of Kepler
• Formation of solar system analogs I: looking for initial conditions through a population synthesis analysis
• Halting planet migration by photoevaporation from the central source
• Imaging the photoevaporating disk and radio jet of GM Aur
• Photochemical-dynamical models of externally FUV irradiated protoplanetary discs
• Accreting Transition Discs with large cavities created by X-ray photoevaporation in C and O depleted discs
• Are the observed gaps in protoplanetary discs caused by growing planets?
• Radiation-Hydrodynamical Models of X-ray Photoevaporation in Carbon Depleted Circumstellar Discs
• The influence of infall on the properties of protoplanetary discs
• The comparative effect of FUV, EUV and X-ray disc photoevaporation on gas giant separations
• On the origin of ionising photons emitted by T Tauri stars
• The imprint of X-ray photoevaporation of planet-forming discs on the orbital distribution of giant planets
• Giant planet migration during the disc dispersal phase
• Photoevaporation Does Not Create a Pileup of Giant Planets at 1 AU
• Migration jumps of planets in transition disks
• Toward an initial mass function for giant planets

Cited by in corpus (7)

• The dispersal of protoplanetary discs. II: Photoevaporation models with observationally derived irradiating spectra
• The growth and migration of massive planets under the influence of external photoevaporation
• Planet population synthesis: The role of stellar encounters
• Dust entrainment in photoevaporative winds: Densities and imaging
• Dust entrainment in photoevaporative winds: Synthetic observations of transition disks
• The interplay between forming planets and photo-evaporating discs I: Forbidden line diagnostics
• The interplay between forming planets and photoevaporating discs II: Wind-driven gas redistribution