The influence of infall on the properties of protoplanetary discs

Abstract

We perform a population synthesis of protoplanetary discs including infall with a total of $50000$ simulations using a 1D vertically integrated viscous evolution code, studying a large parameter space in final stellar mass. Initial conditions and infall locations are chosen based on the results from a radiation-hydrodynamic population synthesis of circumstellar discs. We also consider a different infall prescription based on a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) collapse simulation in order to assess the influence of magnetic fields on disc formation. The duration of the infall phase is chosen to produce a stellar mass distribution in agreement with the observationally determined stellar initial mass function. We find that protoplanetary discs are very massive early in their lives. When averaged over the entire stellar population, the discs have masses of $\sim 0.3$ and $0.1{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ for systems based on hydrodynamic or MHD initial conditions, respectively. In systems with final stellar mass $\sim 1{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$, we find disc masses of $\sim 0.7{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ for the `hydro' case and $\sim 0.2{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ for the `MHD' case at the end of the infall phase. Furthermore, the inferred total disc lifetimes are long, $\approx 5-7\mathrm{Myr}$ on average, despite our choice of a high value of $10^{-2}$ for the background viscosity $\alpha$-parameter. In addition, fragmentation is common in systems that are simulated using hydrodynamic cloud collapse, with more fragments of larger mass formed in more massive systems. In contrast, if disc formation is limited by magnetic fields, fragmentation is suppressed entirely.

arXiv comment26 pages, 14 figures. Accepted to A&A

References in corpus (69)

• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
• Disk Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters
• Nonlinear Outcome of Gravitational Instability in Cooling, Gaseous Disks
• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• Rosseland and Planck Mean Opacities for Protoplanetary Discs
• Extrasolar planet population synthesis I: Method, formation tracks and mass-distance distribution
• Gravitational Instabilities in Circumstellar Disks
• Wind-driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks. I: Suppression of the Magnetorotational Instability and Launching of the Magnetocentrifugal Wind
• On the diversity and statistical properties of protostellar discs
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. A Statistical Characterization of Class 0 and I Protostellar Disks
• On the Role of Disks in the Formation of Stellar Systems: A Numerical Parameter Study of Rapid Accretion
• Evolution of protoplanetary disks: Constraints from DM Tauri and GM Aurigae
• Magnetic Inhibition of Convection and the Fundamental Properties of Low-Mass Stars. III. A Consistent 10 Myr Age for the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• The Origin of Episodic Accretion Bursts in the Early Stages of Star Formation
• Global simulations of protoplanetary disks with ohmic resistivity and ambipolar diffusion
• Protoplanetary disk lifetimes vs stellar mass and possible implications for giant planet populations
• The Two Modes of Gas Giant Planet Formation
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation II: The planetary mass-radius relationship
• Disk Winds Driven by Magnetorotational Instability and Dispersal of Proto-Planetary Disks
• Clumps in the Outer Disk by Disk Instability: Why They are Initially Gas Giants and the Legacy of Disruption
• Imaging the water-snow line during a protostellar outburst
• Global Models for the Evolution of Embedded, Accreting Protostellar Disks
• Long-term Evolution of Protostellar and Protoplanetary Disks. II. Layered Accretion with Infall
• Formation of planets by tidal downsizing of giant planet embryos
• The VLA Nascent Disk And Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). IV. Free-Free Emission from Protostars: Links to Infrared Properties, Outflow Tracers, and Protostellar Disk Masses
• Rapid inward migration of planets formed by gravitational instability
• Magnetically driven accretion in protoplanetary discs
• The dispersal of protoplanetary discs I: A new generation of X-ray photoevaporation models
• Viscous diffusion and photoevaporation of stellar disks
• Numerical requirements for simulations of self gravitating and non-self gravitating disks
• Overview of the Massive Young Star-Forming Complex Study in Infrared and X-ray (MYStIX) Project
• A giant exoplanet orbiting a very low-mass star challenges planet formation models
• Circumstellar Disk Lifetimes In Numerous Galactic Young Stellar Clusters
• Magnetically self-regulated formation of early protoplanetary discs
• The Internal Energy for Molecular Hydrogen in Gravitationally Unstable Protoplanetary Disks
• Dispersion in the lifetime and accretion rate of T Tauri discs
• Spiral Arms in Gravitationally Unstable Protoplanetary Disks as Imaged in Scattered Light
• A lower fragmentation mass scale in high redshift galaxies and its implications on giant clumps: a systematic numerical study
• Numerical convergence in self-gravitating shearing sheet simulations and the stochastic nature of disc fragmentation
• Three-Dimensional Radiation-Hydrodynamics Calculations of the Envelopes of Young Planets Embedded in Protoplanetary Disks
• Age Gradients in the Stellar Populations of Massive Star Forming Regions Based on a New Stellar Chronometer
• The early evolution of viscous and self-gravitating circumstellar disks with a dust component
• On the gap-opening criterion of migrating planets in protoplanetary disks
• Formation, Orbital and Internal Evolutions of Young Planetary Systems
• The Jeans Mass as a Fundamental Measure of Self-Gravitating Disc Fragmentation and Initial Fragment Mass
• Convergence of the critical cooling rate for protoplanetary disk fragmentation achieved; the key role of numerical dissipation of angular momentum
• Modeling disk fragmentation and multiplicity in massive star formation
• From Birth to Death of Protoplanetary Disks: Modeling Their Formation, Evolution, and Dispersal
• Circumplanetary disks around young giant planets: a comparison between core-accretion and disk instability
• The Planetary Accretion Shock: I. Framework for Radiation-hydrodynamical Simulations and First Results
• The Planetary Accretion Shock. II. Grid of Post-Shock Entropies and Radiative Shock Efficiencies for Non-Equilibrium Radiation Transport
• Star Formation In Nearby Clouds (SFiNCs): X-ray And Infrared Source Catalogs And Membership
• Mean gas opacity for circumstellar environments and equilibrium temperature degeneracy
• Identifying and Analysing Protostellar Disc Fragments in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Simulations
• The fragmentation criteria in local vertically stratified self-gravitating disk simulations
• Global Gravitational Instabilities in Discs with Infall
• In situ accretion of gaseous envelopes on to planetary cores embedded in evolving protoplanetary discs
• Global simulations of self-gravitating magnetized protoplanetary disks
• Jumping the Gap: The Formation Conditions and Mass Function of Pebble-Pile Planetesimals
• Sub-Keplerian accretion onto circumstellar disks
• The Role of Disc Self-Gravity in Circumbinary Planet Systems: I. Disc Structure and Evolution
• Lifetime of the embedded phase of low-mass star formation and the envelope depletion rates
• On the diversity in mass and orbital radius of giant planets formed via disk instability
• The Maximum Mass Solar Nebula and the early formation of planets
• 2MASS J15460752-6258042: a mid-M dwarf hosting a prolonged accretion disc
• Modelling circumbinary protoplanetary disks: I. Fluid simulations of the Kepler-16 and 34 systems
• Gaia DR2 view of the Lupus V-VI clouds: the candidate diskless young stellar objects are mainly background contaminants
• Conditions for Gravitational Instability in Protoplanetary Disks

Cited by in corpus (23)

• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). I. Bern global model of planet formation and evolution, model tests, and emerging planetary systems
• RV-detected planets around M dwarfs: Challenges for core accretion models
• In-situ extreme mass ratio inspirals via sub-parsec formation and migration of stars in thin, gravitationally unstable AGN discs
• Understanding planet formation using microgravity experiments
• A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. I. Four classes of planetary system architecture
• Population study on MHD wind-driven disc evolution -- Confronting theory and observation
• Kepler-167e as a Probe of the Formation Histories of Cold Giants with Inner Super-Earths
• A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. II. Nature versus nurture: Emergent formation pathways of architecture classes
• New binaries from the SHINE survey
• Atmospheric characterization of the super-Jupiter HIP 99770 b with KPIC
• Presolar grain dynamics: creating nucleosynthetic variations through a combination of drag and viscous evolution
• Magnetic disk winds in protoplanetary disks: Description of the model and impact on global disk evolution
• The link between infall location, early disc size, and the fraction of self-gravitationally fragmenting discs
• The influence of metallicity on a combined stellar and disk evolution
• The imprint of X-ray photoevaporation of planet-forming discs on the orbital distribution of giant planets -- II. Theoretical predictions
• Populating The Milky Way: Characterising Planet Demographics by Combining Galaxy Formation Simulations and Planet Population Synthesis Models
• Giant planets population around B stars from the first part of the BEAST survey
• DIPSY: A new Disc Instability Population SYnthesis, II. The Populations of Companions Formed Through Disc Instability
• Calibrated Gas Accretion and Orbital Migration of Protoplanets in 1D Disc Models
• DIPSY: A new Disc Instability Population SYnthesis, I. Modeling, evolution of individual systems, and tests
• Interpreting the atmospheric composition of exoplanets: sensitivity to planet formation assumptions
• Origin of compact exoplanetary systems during disk infall
• On the Efficacy of Ocean Formation with a Primordial Hydrogen Atmosphere