Forces within hadrons on the light front

Abstract

In this work, we find the light front densities for momentum and forces, including pressure and shear forces, within hadrons. This is achieved by deriving relativistically correct expressions relating these densities to the gravitational form factors $A(t)$ and $D(t)$ associated with the energy momentum tensor. The derivation begins from the fundamental definition of density in a quantum field theory, namely the expectation value of a local operator within a spatially-localized state. We find that it is necessary to use the light front formalism to define a density that corresponds to internal hadron structure. When using the instant form formalism, it is impossible to remove the spatial extent of the hadron wave function from any density, and -- even within instant form dynamics -- one does not obtain a Breit frame Fourier transform for a properly defined density. Within the front formalism, we derive new expressions for various mechanical properties of hadrons, including the mechanical radius, as well as for stability conditions. The multipole ansatz for the form factors is used as an example to illustrate all of these findings.

2 figures

References in corpus (33)

• Gauge-Invariant Decomposition of Nucleon Spin and Its Spin-Off
• Quantum Chromodynamics and Other Field Theories on the Light Cone
• Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering
• Nonforward Parton Distributions
• Impact Parameter Space Interpretation for Generalized Parton Distributions
• Generalized parton distributions and strong forces inside nucleons and nuclei
• The angular momentum controversy: What's it all about and does it matter?
• Skewed and double distributions in pion and nucleon
• Forces inside hadrons: pressure, surface tension, mechanical radius, and all that
• Charge Density of the Neutron
• A QCD Analysis of the Mass Structure of the Nucleon
• Revisiting the mechanical properties of the nucleon
• BREAKUP OF HADRON MASSES AND ENERGY-MOMENTUM TENSOR OF QCD
• The pressure distribution and shear forces inside the proton
• Hadron tomography by generalized distribution amplitudes in pion-pair production process ${\gamma }^{\ast }\gamma \to {\pi }^0{\pi }^0$ and gravitational form factors for pion
• On the hadron mass decomposition
• Defining the Proton Radius: a Unified Treatment
• Cross sections for the exclusive photon electroproduction on the proton and Generalized Parton Distributions
• Quark and gluon contributions to the QCD trace anomaly
• The E00-110 experiment in Jefferson Lab's Hall A: Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering off the Proton at 6 GeV
• Revisiting the proton mass decomposition
• Gravitational form factors of light mesons
• Ambiguities in the definition of local spatial densities in light hadrons
• Meson dominance of hadron form factors and large-Nc phenomenology
• Energy momentum tensor and the D-term in the bag model
• The energy-momentum tensor of spin-1 hadrons: formalism
• Electromagnetic Form Factors and Charge Densities From Hadrons to Nuclei
• Extraction of Generalized Parton Distribution Observables from Deeply Virtual Electron Proton Scattering Experiments
• Singular Charge Density at the Center of the Pion?
• Effects of long-range forces on the D-term and the energy-momentum structure
• The dynamic origins of fermionic D-terms
• Manifestly Covariant Canonical Quantization of the Scalar Field and Particle Localization
• Neutron DVCS Measurements with BONuS12 in CLAS12

Cited by in corpus (50)

• Gluon gravitational structure of hadrons of different spin
• Precision Studies of QCD in the Low Energy Domain of the EIC
• Unified formalism for electromagnetic and gravitational probes: densities
• On the definition of local spatial densities in hadrons
• Gluon Gravitational Form Factors at Large Momentum Transfer
• Perturbative Calculations of Gravitational Form Factors at Large Momentum Transfer
• The gravitational form factor D(t) of the electron
• Gravitational form factors of the baryon octet with flavor SU(3) symmetry breaking
• On the definition of electromagnetic local spatial densities for composite spin-$1/2$ systems
• 2D energy-momentum tensor distributions of nucleon in a large-$N_c$ quark model from ultra-relativistic to non-relativistic limit
• Gravitational form factors and mechanical properties of a quark at one loop in light-front Hamiltonian QCD
• Genuine empirical pressure within the proton
• Nucleon relativistic polarization and magnetization distributions
• Trace anomaly form factors from lattice QCD
• The gravitational form factors of the electron in quantum electrodynamics
• Gluon contribution to the mechanical properties of a dressed quark in light-front Hamiltonian QCD
• Minkowski's lost legacy and hadron electromagnetism
• Spatial densities of momentum and forces in spin-one hadrons
• Dominance of gluonic scale anomaly in confining pressure inside nucleon and D-term
• Gravitational transition form factors of $N\to \Delta$ via QCD light-cone sum rules
• Local spatial densities for composite spin-3/2 systems
• Determination of shear forces inside the proton
• Gravitational transverse-momentum distributions
• Spatial densities of the photon on the light front
• Quantum stresses in the hydrogen atom
• Stress out of charmonia
• Gravitational form factors of the nucleon in the Skyrme model based on scale-invariant chiral perturbation theory
• Electromagnetic and gravitational local spatial densities for spin-1 systems
• A Journey of Seeking Pressure and Forces in the Nucleon
• Spin-orbit correlation and spatial distributions for spin-0 hadrons
• Mechanical form factors and densities of non-relativistic fermions
• Relativistic energy-momentum tensor distributions in a polarized nucleon
• Light front synchronization and rest frame densities of the proton: Electromagnetic densities
• Medium modification of the nucleon mechanical properties: Abel tomography case
• Momentum Flow Mechanisms and Color-Lorentz Forces on Quarks in the Nucleon
• Scale-anomaly-induced binding pressure in hadrons
• Dissecting a strongly coupled scalar nucleon
• Mapping the transverse spin sum rule in position space
• Gravitational form factors in the perturbative limit
• Scalar-glueball-mediated scale-anomaly dominance of the confining pressure of the pion in holographic QCD
• Sum rules for the Gravitational Form Factors using light-front dressed quark state
• Covariant analysis of electromagnetic current on the light cone: exposition with scalar Yukawa theory
• Energy-momentum tensor in QCD: nucleon mass decomposition and mechanical equilibrium
• Energy-momentum tensor form factor D(t) of proton and neutron
• Quantum stress and torsion distributions in the deuteron
• Energy-momentum tensor of the nucleon on the light front: Abel tomography case
• Visualization of internal forces inside the proton in a classical relativistic model
• Transverse energy-momentum tensor distributions in polarized nucleons
• Baryon Form Factors
• The energy-momentum tensor in a classical model of the electron