Hadron tomography by generalized distribution amplitudes in pion-pair production process ${\gamma }^{\ast }\gamma \to {\pi }^0{\pi }^0$ and gravitational form factors for pion

Abstract

Hadron tomography can be investigated by three-dimensional structure functions such as generalized parton distributions (GPDs), transverse-momentum-dependent parton distributions, and generalized distribution amplitudes (GDAs). Here, we extract the GDAs, which are $s$-$t$ crossed quantities of the GPDs, from cross-section measurements of hadron-pair production process ${\gamma }^{\ast }\gamma \to {\pi }^0{\pi }^0$ at KEKB. This work is the first attempt to obtain the GDAs from the actual experimental data. The GDAs are expressed by a number of parameters and they are determined from the data of ${\gamma }^{\ast }\gamma \to {\pi }^0{\pi }^0$ by including intermediate scalar- and tensor-meson contributions to the cross section. Our results indicate that the dependence of parton-momentum fraction $z$ in the GDAs is close to the asymptotic one. The timelike gravitational form factors ${\Theta }_1$ and ${\Theta }_2$ are obtained from our GDAs, and they are converted to the spacelike ones by the dispersion relation.From the spacelike ${\Theta }_1$ and ${\Theta }_2$, gravitational densities of the pion are calculated. Then, we obtained the mass (energy) radius and the mechanical (pressure and shear force) radius from ${\Theta }_2$ and ${\Theta }_1$, respectively. They are calculated as $\sqrt{⟨r^2{⟩}_{\text{mass}}}=0.32\sim 0.39$ fm, whereas the mechanical radius is larger $\sqrt{⟨r^2{⟩}_{\text{mech}}}=0.82\sim 0.88$ fm. This is the first report on the gravitational radius of a hadron from actual experimental measurements. It is interesting to find the possibility that the gravitational mass and mechanical radii could be different from the experimental charge radius $\sqrt{⟨r^2{⟩}_{\text{charge}}}=0.672\pm 0.008$ fm for the charged pion.

27 pages, 21 figures. Errata on the first and second versions of arXiv:1711.08088 [Phys. Rev. D 97, 014020 (2018)] are reflected

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