Charge-dependent flow as evidence of strong electromagnetic fields in heavy-ion collisions

Abstract

The extremely large electromagnetic fields generated in heavy-ion collisions provide access to novel observables that are expected to constrain various key transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma and could help solve one of the outstanding puzzles in QCD: the strong CP problem. In this review we present a brief overview of the theoretical and experimental characterization of these electromagnetic fields. After reviewing the current state, emphasising one of the observables -- the charge-dependent flow -- we discuss the various discrepancies between the measurements and theoretical predictions. Finally, to help resolve the discrepancies, we suggest new measurements and theoretical ideas.

Invited review from Modern Physics Letter A

References in corpus (15)

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Cited by in corpus (12)

• Overview of high-density QCD studies with the CMS experiment at the LHC
• A fluid-dynamic approach to heavy-quark diffusion in the quark-gluon plasma
• Exploring the effects of electromagnetic fields and tilted bulk distribution on directed flow of D mesons in small systems
• Charge-dependent directed flows in heavy-ion collisions by Boltzmann-Maxwell equations
• Directed flow of charged particles within idealized viscous hydrodynamics at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
• Electric and magnetic conductivities in magnetized fermion systems
• Magnetic field in relativistic heavy ion collisions: testing the classical approximation
• Transport Coefficients of relativistic matter: A detailed formalism with a gross knowledge of their magnitude
• First measurement of D${}^{\ast +}$ vector spin alignment in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{\mathbf{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Directed flow of D and B mesons in an electrically and chirally conductive QGP at LHC energies
• Electric-charge-dependent directed flow splitting of produced quarks in Au+Au collisions
• Non-perturbative heavy quark diffusion coefficients in arbitrarily magnetized quark-gluon plasma