Reconstruction of Events Recorded with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Abstract

Cosmic rays arriving at Earth collide with the upper parts of the atmosphere, thereby inducing extensive air showers. When secondary particles from the cascade arrive at the ground, they are measured by surface detector arrays. We describe the methods applied to the measurements of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory to reconstruct events with zenith angles less than $60^{\circ }$ using the timing and signal information recorded using the water-Cherenkov detector stations. In addition, we assess the accuracy of these methods in reconstructing the arrival directions of the primary cosmic ray particles and the sizes of the induced showers.

Published version, 36 pages, 14 figures

References in corpus (13)

• Observation of a Large-scale Anisotropy in the Arrival Directions of Cosmic Rays above $8\times 10^{18}$ eV
• Testing Hadronic Interactions at Ultrahigh Energies with Air Showers Measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Measurement of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum above $2.5\times 10^{18}$ eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory
• The Offline Software Framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Features of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above $2.5\times 10^{18}$ eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Evidence for a mixed mass composition at the `ankle' in the cosmic-ray spectrum
• Calibration of the Surface Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Cosmic-ray anisotropies in right ascension measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory
• The Optimum Distance at which to Determine the Size of a Giant Air Shower
• Multi-Messenger Physics with the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Impact of atmospheric effects on the energy reconstruction of air showers observed by the surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• The accuracy of signal measurement with the water-Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Studies on the response of a water-Cherenkov detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory to atmospheric muons using an RPC hodoscope

Cited by in corpus (18)

• The energy spectrum of cosmic rays beyond the turn-down around $10^{17}$ eV as measured with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Arrival Directions of Cosmic Rays above 32 EeV from Phase One of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Deep-Learning based Reconstruction of the Shower Maximum $X_{\max }$ using the Water-Cherenkov Detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Testing Hadronic-Model Predictions of Depth of Maximum of Air-Shower Profiles and Ground-Particle Signals using Hybrid Data of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Extraction of the Muon Signals Recorded with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory Using Recurrent Neural Networks
• Inference of the Mass Composition of Cosmic Rays with energies from $10^{18.5}$ to $10^{20}$ eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory and Deep Learning
• Search for Spatial Correlations of Neutrinos with Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• Searches for Ultra-High-Energy Photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Radio Measurements of the Depth of Air-Shower Maximum at the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Air-Shower Profiles with energies between $10^{18.5}$ and $10^{20}$ eV using the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory and Deep Learning
• Magnetically Induced Anisotropies in the Arrival Directions of Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays from Nearby Radio Galaxies
• Calibration of the underground muon detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Search for a diffuse flux of photons with energies above tens of PeV at the Pierre Auger Observatory
• The Pierre Auger Observatory Open Data
• Scaler rates from the Pierre Auger Observatory: a new proxy of solar activity
• A Study of Modified Characteristics of Hadronic Interactions
• An Improved Method of Estimating the Uncertainty of Air-Shower Size at Ultra-High Energies
• Evaluation of the potential of a gamma-ray observatory to detect astrophysical neutrinos through inclined showers