The clustering dynamics of primordial black boles in $N$-body simulations

Abstract

We explore the possibility that Dark Matter (DM) may be explained by a non-uniform background of approximately stellar-mass clusters of Primordial Black Holes (PBHs), by simulating the evolution them from recombination to the present with over 5000 realisations using a Newtonian $N$-body code. We compute the cluster rate of evaporation, and extract the binary and merged sub-populations along with their parent and merger tree histories, lifetimes and formation rates; the dynamical and orbital parameter profiles, the degree of mass segregation and dynamical friction, and power spectrum of close encounters. Overall, we find that PBHs can constitute a viable DM candidate, and that their clustering presents a rich phenomenology throughout the history of the Universe. We show that binary systems constitute about 9.5\% of all PBHs at present, with mass ratios of ${\bar{q}}_{\mathrm{B}}=0.154$, and total masses of ${\bar{m}}_{\mathrm{T},\mathrm{B}}=303M_{\odot }$. Merged PBHs are rare, about 0.0023\% of all PBHs at present, with mass ratios of ${\bar{q}}_{\mathrm{B}}=0.965$ with total and chirp masses of ${\bar{m}}_{\mathrm{T},\mathrm{B}}=1670M_{\odot }$ and ${\bar{m}}_{c,\mathrm{M}}=642M_{\odot }$ respectively. We find that cluster puffing up and evaporation leads to bubbles of these PBHs of order 1 kpc containing at present times about 36\% of objects and mass, with hundred pc sized cores. We also find that these PBH sub-haloes are distributed in wider PBH haloes of order hundreds of kpc, containing about 63\% of objects and mass, coinciding with the sizes of galactic halos. We find at last high rates of close encounters of massive Black Holes ($M\sim 1000M_{\odot }$), with ${\Gamma }^{\mathrm{S}}=(1.2_{-0.9}^{+5.9})\times 10^7\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}\mathrm{Gp}{\mathrm{c}}^{-3}$ and mergers with ${\Gamma }^{\mathrm{M}}=1337\pm 41\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}\mathrm{Gp}{\mathrm{c}}^{-3}$.

arXiv comment50 pages, 16 figures, 19 tables

References in corpus (67)

• Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
• The cosmological simulation code GADGET-2
• Ultralight scalars as cosmological dark matter
• Did LIGO detect dark matter?
• New cosmological constraints on primordial black holes
• Planck 2018 results. V. CMB power spectra and likelihoods
• Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter
• Limits on the Macho Content of the Galactic Halo from the EROS-2 Survey of the Magellanic Clouds
• Primordial Black Hole Scenario for the Gravitational-Wave Event GW150914
• The first gravitational-wave source from the isolated evolution of two 40-100 Msun stars
• Astrophysical Implications of the Binary Black-Hole Merger GW150914
• 21-cm Tomography of the Intergalactic Medium at High Redshift
• Density Perturbations and Black Hole Formation in Hybrid Inflation
• Primordial black holes from single field models of inflation
• Direct Detection of WIMP Dark Matter: Concepts and Status
• Massive Primordial Black Holes from Hybrid Inflation as Dark Matter and the seeds of Galaxies
• Cosmic microwave background limits on accreting primordial black holes
• Science with the space-based interferometer LISA. IV: Probing inflation with gravitational waves
• Dark matter maps reveal cosmic scaffolding
• Planck 2015 results. XIV. Dark energy and modified gravity
• Constraints on MACHO Dark Matter from Compact Stellar Systems in Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies
• CMB bounds on disk-accreting massive Primordial Black Holes
• Primordial Black Hole production in Critical Higgs Inflation
• Gravitational Wave signatures of inflationary models from Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter
• Lensing of Fast Radio Bursts as a Probe of Compact Dark Matter
• Constraints on primordial black holes as dark matter candidates from capture by neutron stars
• Understanding caustic crossings in giant arcs: characteristic scales, event rates, and constraints on compact dark matter
• Dark Matter Triggers of Supernovae
• Cosmic Conundra Explained by Thermal History and Primordial Black Holes
• Gravitational waves at interferometer scales and primordial black holes in axion inflation
• Dark matter, dark energy, and alternate models: A review
• Clusters of primordial black holes
• New constraints on primordial black holes abundance from femtolensing of gamma-ray bursts
• The OGLE View of Microlensing towards the Magellanic Clouds. IV. OGLE-III SMC Data and Final Conclusions on MACHOs
• Experimental Limits on Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter from the First Two Years of Kepler Data
• Early Structure Formation in $\Lambda$PBH Cosmologies
• Massive Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter and their detection with Gravitational Waves
• Farthest Neighbor: The Distant Milky Way Satellite Eridanus II
• Limits on the cosmological abundance of supermassive compact objects from a search for multiple imaging in compact radio sources
• gevolution: a cosmological N-body code based on General Relativity
• Searching for Primordial Black Holes in the radio and X-ray sky
• On the Reported Death of the MACHO Era
• Stellar Inventory of the Solar Neighborhood using Gaia DR1
• Runaway Merging of Black Holes: Analytical Constraint on the Timescale
• New X-ray bound on density of primordial black holes
• The Spatial Clustering of Primordial Black Holes
• Quantum diffusion beyond slow-roll: implications for primordial black-hole production
• Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter and the LIGO/Virgo observations
• Geometric Inflation and Dark Energy with Axion $F(R)$ Gravity
• $f(R)$ Gravity Inflation with String-Corrected Axion Dark Matter
• Black Hole Coagulation: Modeling Hierarchical Mergers in Black Hole Populations
• Updating the MACHO fraction of the Milky Way dark halo with improved mass models
• The cumulative mass profile of the Milky Way as determined by globular cluster kinematics from Gaia DR2
• Primordial black hole merger rates: distributions for multiple LIGO observables
• Understanding the Dynamical State of Globular Clusters: Core-Collapsed vs Non Core-Collapsed
• Pulsar timing can constrain primordial black holes in the LIGO mass window
• Gravitational wave energy emission and detection rates of Primordial Black Hole hyperbolic encounters
• Illuminating the dark ages: Cosmic backgrounds from accretion onto primordial black hole dark matter
• Primordial Black Holes: Do They Exist and Are They Useful?
• Gravitational wave bursts from Primordial Black Hole hyperbolic encounters
• The effect of primordial black holes on 21 cm fluctuations
• Detecting the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background from Primordial Black Hole Formation
• Constraints on the FRB rate at 700-900 MHz
• Small-scale structure and 21cm fluctuations by primordial black holes
• Evaporating primordial black holes as varying dark energy
• Cosmological constraints on non-adiabatic dark energy perturbations
• Comparing the dark matter models, modified Newtonian dynamics and modified gravity in accounting for the galaxy rotation curves

Cited by in corpus (39)

• Challenges and Opportunities of Gravitational Wave Searches at MHz to GHz Frequencies
• New Horizons for Fundamental Physics with LISA
• Two populations of LIGO-Virgo black holes
• Observational Evidence for Primordial Black Holes: A Positivist Perspective
• Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter Candidates
• From inflation to black hole mergers and back again: Gravitational-wave data-driven constraints on inflationary scenarios with a first-principle model of primordial black holes across the QCD epoch
• Distinguishing Primordial Black Holes from Astrophysical Black Holes by Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer
• All-sky search for continuous gravitational waves from isolated neutron stars using Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo O3 data
• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• Hunt for Light Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter with Ultra-High-Frequency Gravitational Waves
• Primordial Black Holes
• Simulations of PBH formation at the QCD epoch and comparison with the GWTC-3 catalog
• Probing planetary-mass primordial black holes with continuous gravitational waves
• How to assess the primordial origin of single gravitational-wave events with mass, spin, eccentricity, and deformability measurements
• Black hole induced spins from hyperbolic encounters in dense clusters
• Constraints on planetary and asteroid-mass primordial black holes from continuous gravitational-wave searches
• Snowmass2021 Cosmic Frontier White Paper:Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter
• The stochastic gravitational wave background from close hyperbolic encounters of primordial black holes in dense clusters
• Search for black hole hyperbolic encounters with gravitational wave detectors
• Searching for Primordial Black Holes with the Einstein Telescope: impact of design and systematics
• Primordial black hole mergers from three-body interactions
• Dancing in the dark: detecting a population of distant primordial black holes
• Testing Primordial Black Holes with multi-band observations of the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Probing primordial black holes with anisotropies in stochastic gravitational-wave background
• Tracking the origin of black holes with the stochastic gravitational wave background popcorn signal
• Dark Matter Simulations with Primordial Black Holes in the Early Universe
• Gravitational wave constraints on planetary-mass primordial black holes using LIGO O3a data
• Effects of orbital precession on hyperbolic encounters
• Constraining changes in the merger history of (P)BH binaries with the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Effect of a High-Precision Semi-Analytical Mass Function on the Merger Rate of Primordial Black Holes in Dark Matter Halos
• Evolution of a black hole cluster in full general relativity
• Spin induction from scattering of two spinning black holes in dense clusters
• Mass classification of dark matter perturbers of stellar tidal streams
• The Merger Rate of Black Holes in a Primordial Black Hole Cluster
• Mass octupole and current quadrupole corrections to gravitational wave emission from close hyperbolic encounters
• Gravitational waves from sub-solar mass primordial black holes
• Dynamics and merger rate of primordial black holes in a cluster
• Excursion-set for Primordial Black Holes I: white noise and moving barrier
• Constraining high-redshift stellar-mass primordial black holes with next-generation ground-based gravitational-wave detectors