Geometric Scaling of Two-Level-System Loss in Superconducting Resonators

Abstract

We perform an experimental and numerical study of dielectric loss in superconducting microwave resonators at low temperature. Dielectric loss, due to two-level systems, is a limiting factor in several applications, e.g. superconducting qubits, Josephson parametric amplifiers, microwave kinetic-inductance detectors, and superconducting single-photon detectors. Our devices are made of disordered NbN, which, due to magnetic-field penetration, necessitates 3D finite-element simulation of the Maxwell--London equations at microwave frequencies to accurately model the current density and electric field distribution. From the field distribution, we compute the geometric filling factors of the lossy regions in our resonator structures and fit the experimental data to determine the intrinsic loss tangents of its interfaces and dielectrics. We emphasise that the loss caused by a spin-on-glass resist such as hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), used for ultrahigh lithographic resolution relevant to the fabrication of nanowires, and find that, when used, HSQ is the dominant source of loss, with a loss tangent of ${\delta }_{HSQ}^i=8\times 10^{-3}$.

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• Fabrication and surface treatment of electron-beam evaporated niobium for low-loss coplanar waveguide resonators
• Chip-based superconducting traps for levitation of micrometer-sized particles in the Meissner state
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• Observation of giant two-level systems in a granular superconductor
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• Ultrahigh-inductance materials from spinodal decomposition
• Investigation of the deposition of $\alpha$-tantalum (110) films on a-plane sapphire substrate by molecular beam epitaxy for superconducting circuit
• Experimentally verified, fast analytic and numerical design of superconducting resonators in flip-chip architectures
• Characterization of Broadband Purcell Filters with Compact Footprint for Fast Multiplexed Superconducting Qubit Readout
• Optical Direct Write of Dolan--Niemeyer-Bridge Junctions for Transmon Qubits
• Transmon in a semi-infinite high-impedance transmission line -- appearance of cavity modes and Rabi oscillations
• Low barrier ZrO${}_x$-based Josephson junctions
• Superconducting surface trap chips for microwave-driven trapped ions
• Effect of Etching Methods on Dielectric Losses in Transmons
• Stability of superconducting resonators: motional narrowing and the role of Landau-Zener driving of two-level defects
• Improving the accuracy of circuit quantization using the electromagnetic properties of superconductors