X-ray study of the double radio relic Abell 3376 with Suzaku

Abstract

We present an X-ray spectral analysis of the nearby double radio relic merging cluster Abell 3376 ($z$ = 0.046), observed with the $Suzaku$ XIS instrument. These deep ($\sim$360 ks) observations cover the entire double relic region in the outskirts of the cluster. These diffuse radio structures are amongst the largest and arc-shaped relics observed in combination with large-scale X-ray shocks in a merging cluster. We confirm the presence of a stronger shock (${\mathcal{M}}_{\mathrm{W}}$ = 2.8 $\pm 0.4$) in the western direction at $r\sim 26$', derived from a temperature and surface brightness discontinuity across the radio relic. In the East, we detect a weaker shock (${\mathcal{M}}_{\mathrm{E}}$ = 1.5 $\pm 0.1$) at $r\sim 8$', possibly associated to the 'notch' of eastern relic, and a cold front at $r\sim 3$'. Based on the shock speed calculated from the Mach numbers, we estimate that the dynamical age of the shock front is $\sim$0.6 Gyr after core passage, indicating that Abell 3376 is still an evolving merging cluster and that the merger is taking place close to the plane of the sky. These results are consistent with simulations and optical and weak lensing studies from the literature.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in A&A, 15 pages, 19 figures, 11 tables

References in corpus (80)

• Calibration of X-ray absorption in our Galaxy
• Shocks and cold fronts in galaxy clusters
• Clusters of galaxies : observational properties of the diffuse radio emission
• A Textbook Example of a Bow Shock in the Merging Galaxy Cluster 1E0657-56
• Cosmic rays in galaxy clusters and their non-thermal emission
• Abundances of the elements in the solar system
• Optimal binning of X-ray spectra and response matrix design
• Monte-Carlo Simulator and Ancillary Response Generator of Suzaku XRT/XIS System for Spatially Extended Source Analysis
• A moving cold front in the intergalactic medium of A3667
• Observations of extended radio emission in clusters
• Reproducibility of Non-X-ray Background for the X-ray Imaging Spectrometer aboard Suzaku
• Bow shock and radio halo in the merging cluster A520
• Study of the X-Ray Background Spectrum and its Large-Scale Fluctuation with ASCA
• The Cool-Core Bias in X-ray Galaxy Cluster Samples I: Method And Application To HIFLUGCS
• On the use of C-stat in testing models for X-ray spectra
• The Case for Electron Re-Acceleration at Galaxy Cluster Shocks
• Diffusive Shock Acceleration Simulations of Radio Relics
• Giant Ringlike Radio Structures Around Galaxy Cluster Abell 3376
• LOFAR, VLA, and Chandra observations of the Toothbrush galaxy cluster
• The diffuse radio emission from the Coma cluster at 2.675 GHz and 4.85 GHz
• Giant radio relics in galaxy clusters: reacceleration of fossil relativistic electrons?
• Chandra Observation of the Cooling Flow Cluster Abell 2052
• Non-Thermal Electron Acceleration in Low Mach Number Collisionless Shocks. I. Particle Energy Spectra and Acceleration Mechanism
• XMM-Newton Observation of the Northwest Radio Relic Region in Abell 3667
• The X-ray Cluster Normalization of the Matter Power Spectrum
• Evidence for particle re-acceleration in the radio relic in the galaxy cluster PLCKG287.0 +32.9
• Shock acceleration as origin of the radio relic in A521?
• Systematic X-ray Analysis of Radio Relic Clusters with SUZAKU
• Outskirts of Galaxy Clusters
• A shock front in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 754: X-ray and radio observations
• Inter-galactic Shock Acceleration and the Cosmic Gamma-ray Background
• X-ray Temperature and Mass Measurements to the Virial Radius of Abell 1413 with Suzaku
• Cosmological MHD Simulations of Galaxy Cluster Radio Relics: Insights and Warnings for Observations
• High Metallicity of the X-Ray Gas up to the Virial Radius of a Binary Cluster of Galaxies: Evidence of Galactic Superwinds at High-Redshift
• Magnetic Fields, Relativistic Particles, and Shock Waves in Cluster Outskirts
• Another shock for the Bullet cluster, and the source of seed electrons for radio relics
• The XXL Survey. XIII. Baryon content of the bright cluster sample
• Non-Thermal Electron Acceleration in Low Mach Number Collisionless Shocks. II. Firehose-Mediated Fermi Acceleration and its Dependence on Pre-Shock Conditions
• Suzaku measurement of Abell 2204's intracluster gas temperature profile out to 1800 kpc
• Evolution of shocks and turbulence in major cluster mergers
• Shock heating of the merging galaxy cluster A521
• The Chandra COSMOS legacy survey: Energy Spectrum of the Cosmic X-ray Background and constraints on undetected populations
• Do radio relics challenge diffusive shock acceleration?
• A uniform metallicity in the outskirts of massive, nearby galaxy clusters
• The Radio Relics and Halo of El Gordo, a Massive $z=0.870$ Cluster Merger
• Shock fronts, electron-ion equilibration and ICM transport processes in the merging cluster Abell 2146
• A shock at the radio relic position in Abell 115
• A $\mathcal{M}\gtrsim 3$ shock in `El Gordo' cluster and the origin of the radio relic
• Deep LOFAR observations of the merging galaxy cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301
• Galaxy Clusters at the Edge: Temperature, Entropy, and Gas Dynamics at the Virial Radius
• First LOFAR observations at very low frequencies of cluster-scale non-thermal emission: the case of Abell 2256
• Spectral and polarization study of the double relics in Abell 3376 using the GMRT and the VLA
• A shock front at the radio relic of Abell 2744
• Re-acceleration Model for Radio Relics with Spectral Curvature
• Spectral age modelling of the `Sausage' cluster radio relic
• $Suzaku$ X-ray study of the double radio relic galaxy cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301
• A plethora of diffuse steep spectrum radio sources in Abell 2034 revealed by LOFAR
• First X-ray evidence for a shock at the Coma relic
• Suzaku observations of the merging galaxy cluster Abell2255: The northeast radio relic
• X-Ray View of the Shock Front in the Merging Cluster Abell 3376 with Suzaku
• The radio relic in Abell 2256: overall spectrum and implications for electron acceleration
• Radio spectral study of the cluster of galaxies Abell 2255
• Simulations of the merging galaxy cluster Abell 3376
• Curved Radio Spectra of Weak Cluster Shocks
• The first Murchison Widefield Array low frequency radio observations of cluster scale non-thermal emission: the case of Abell 3667
• A critical shock Mach number for particle acceleration in the absence of pre-existing cosmic rays: $M=\sqrt{5}$
• Suzaku X-Ray Observations of the Accreting NGC 4839 Group of Galaxies and the Radio Relic in the Coma Cluster
• A Strong Merger Shock in Abell 665
• An azimuthally resolved study of the cold front in Abell 3667
• Electron Heating in Low Mach Number Perpendicular shocks. I. Heating Mechanism
• Turbulent Cosmic Ray Reacceleration at Radio Relics and Halos in Clusters of Galaxies
• A Merger Shock in Abell 2034
• Shocking Features in the Merging Galaxy Cluster RXJ0334.2-0111
• Suzaku Observations of the Galaxy Cluster 1RXS J0603.3+4214: Implications of Particle Acceleration Processes in "Toothbrush" Radio Relic
• Weak lensing and spectroscopic analysis of the nearby dissociative merging galaxy cluster Abell 3376
• The bow shock, cold fronts and disintegrating cool core in the merging galaxy group RXJ0751.3+5012
• No Shock Across Part of a Radio Relic in the Merging Galaxy Cluster ZwCl 2341.1+0000?
• Turbulent Cosmic-Ray Reacceleration and the Curved Radio Spectrum of the Radio Relic in the Sausage Cluster
• The merging cluster of galaxies Abell 3376: an optical view
• Constraint of Non-thermal X-ray Emission from the On-going Merger Cluster Abell 3376 with Suzaku

Cited by in corpus (30)

• Diffuse Radio Emission from Galaxy Clusters
• Shock acceleration efficiency in radio relics
• Radio observations of the merging galaxy cluster Abell 520
• Exploring the spectral properties of radio relics I: Integrated spectral index and Mach number
• Revived Fossil Plasma Sources in Galaxy Clusters
• The LOFAR and JVLA view of the distant steep spectrum radio halo in MACS J1149.5+2223
• Jets from MRC 0600-399 bent by magnetic fields in the cluster Abell 3376
• Radio fossils, relics, and haloes in Abell 3266: cluster archaeology with ASKAP-EMU and the ATCA
• Observations of a Pre-Merger Shock in Colliding Clusters of Galaxies
• Understanding the radio relic emission in the galaxy cluster MACS J0717.5+3745: spectral analysis
• The Planck clusters in the LOFAR sky VI. LoTSS-DR2: Properties of radio relics
• Evidence for a merger induced shock wave in ZwCl\,0008.8+5215 with {\it Chandra} and {\it Suzaku}
• The Planck clusters in the LOFAR sky. III. LoTSS-DR2: Dynamic states and density fluctuations of the intracluster medium
• Synchrotron Intensity Gradient Revealing Magnetic Fields in Galaxy Clusters
• Characterizing the radio emission from the binary galaxy cluster merger Abell 2146
• Multi-wavelength Analysis of the Merging Galaxy Cluster A115
• Radio relics in PSZ2 G096.88+24.18: A connection with pre-existing plasma
• The unusually weak and exceptionally steep radio relic in Abell 2108
• Surface brightness discontinuities in radio halos. Insights from the MeerKAT Galaxy Cluster Legacy Survey
• The diffuse radio emission in the high-redshift cluster PSZ2 G091.83+26.11: total intensity and polarisation analysis with Very Large Array 1-4 GHz observations
• Iron abundance distribution in the hot gas of merging galaxy clusters
• The effect of cluster dynamical state on ram-pressure stripping
• Radio halos and relics from extended cosmic-ray ion distributions with strong diffusion in galaxy clusters
• Passive spirals and shock influenced star formation in the merging cluster A3376
• Indications of an offset merger in Abell 3667
• A Semi-Analytical Model for the Formation and Evolution of Radio Relics in Galaxy Clusters
• Spectral study of the diffuse synchrotron source in the galaxy cluster Abell 523
• Protruding bullet heads indicating dark matter pull
• Chandra observation of a cold front in Abell 2554
• Post-processing of galaxies due to major cluster mergers I. hints from galaxy colours and morphologies