Information Loss

Abstract

The complete gravitational collapse of a body in general relativity will result in the formation of a black hole. Although the black hole is classically stable, quantum particle creation processes will result in the emission of Hawking radiation to infinity and corresponding mass loss of the black hole, eventually resulting in the complete evaporation of the black hole. Semiclassical arguments strongly suggest that, in the process of black hole formation and evaporation, a pure quantum state will evolve to a mixed state, i.e., there will be "information loss." There has been considerable controversy over this issue for more than 40 years. In this review, we present the arguments in favor of information loss, and analyze some of the counter-arguments and alternative possibilities.

17 pages, 3 figures; Key Issues Review for Reports on Progress in Physics

References in corpus (4)

• Unitarity and Holography in Gravitational Physics
• Backreaction of Hawking Radiation on a Gravitationally Collapsing Star I: Black Holes?
• Gluing Initial Data Sets for General Relativity
• On the partner particles for moving mirror radiation and black hole evaporation

Cited by in corpus (162)

• Testing the nature of dark compact objects: a status report
• Transcending the ensemble: baby universes, spacetime wormholes, and the order and disorder of black hole information
• A recipe for echoes from exotic compact objects
• Phenomenological aspects of black holes beyond general relativity
• White Holes as Remnants: A Surprising Scenario for the End of a Black Hole
• On the viability of regular black holes
• Destabilizing the Fundamental Mode of Black Holes: The Elephant and the Flea
• Classical collapse to black holes and quantum bounces: A review
• Simple holographic models of black hole evaporation
• Observations of Hawking radiation: the Page curve and baby universes
• The Many Definitions of a Black Hole
• Critical evaluation of common claims in loop quantum cosmology
• Unitarity From a Smooth Horizon?
• Black Hole evaporation: A Perspective from Loop Quantum Gravity
• Cauchy Slice Holography: A New AdS/CFT Dictionary
• From a locality-principle for new physics to image features of regular spinning black holes with disks
• Black Hole Echology: The Observer's Manual
• Entanglement entropy of asymptotically flat non-extremal and extremal black holes with an island
• Listening to the Universe with Next Generation Ground-Based Gravitational-Wave Detectors
• Generalized uncertainty principle impact onto the black holes information flux and the sparsity of Hawking radiation
• Probing the Nature of Black Holes: Deep in the mHz Gravitational-Wave Sky
• Phenomenology of GUP stars
• Neutral regular black hole solution in generalized Rastall gravity
• Evaporating black-to-white hole
• Microcanonical Path Integrals and the Holography of small Black Hole Interiors
• Black Holes Decohere Quantum Superpositions
• Unitarity of Entanglement and Islands in Two-Sided Janus Black Holes
• Black hole scalar charge from a topological horizon integral in Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• Echoes from phantom wormholes
• Nonextensive Black Hole Entropy and Quantum Gravity Effects at the Last Stages of Evaporation
• Entanglement Wedge Reconstruction and the Information Paradox
• Diffeomorphism invariance and the black hole information paradox
• Spacetime foam: a review
• Confront $f(R,T)=\mathcal{R}+\beta T$ modified gravity with the massive pulsar PSR J0740+6620
• Generalized Uncertainty Principle Impact on Nonextensive Black Hole Thermodynamics
• Generalized Black Hole Entropy is von Neumann Entropy
• Towards VLBI Observations of Black Hole Structure
• Branches of the Black Hole Wave Function Need Not Contain Firewalls
• Probing the Unruh effect with an accelerated extended system
• The Page curve and baby universes
• Gravitational Decoherence: A Thematic Overview
• Semiclassical relativistic stars
• Rainbow gravity corrections to the information flux of a black hole and the sparsity of Hawking radiation
• Nonlocality amplifies echoes
• Non-covariance of the dressed-metric approach in loop quantum cosmology
• Gravitational Vacuum Condensate Stars
• Divergence of entanglement entropy in quantum systems: Zero-modes
• Entanglement entropy from non-equilibrium Monte Carlo simulations
• Echoes from a singularity
• Black hole entropy, the black hole information paradox, and time travel paradoxes from a new perspective
• Theoretical description and experimental simulation of quantum entanglement near open time-like curves via pseudo-density operators
• Slowly rotating gravastars
• Black Hole Remnants
• Quantum-induced trans-Planckian energy near horizon
• Extended Tolman III and VII solutions in $f(\mathcal{R},T)$ gravity: Models for neutron stars and supermassive stars
• A Survey of Black Hole Thermodynamics
• Relativistic Quantum Communication: Energy cost and channel capacities
• The Particle and Energy Cost of Entanglement of Hawking Radiation with the Final Vacuum State
• Pandora's box lid: geometry near the apparent horizon
• Kerr-Vaidya black holes
• One-to-one correspondence between entanglement mechanics and black hole thermodynamics
• Revisiting the black hole entropy and the information paradox
• The subtle unphysical hypothesis of the firewall theorem
• Losing stuff down a black hole
• The sounds of science: a symphony for many instruments and voices
• Surface Stress Tensor and Junction Conditions on a Rotating Null Horizon
• Quantum Information in Relativity: the Challenge of QFT Measurements
• Infrared finite scattering theory: Amplitudes and soft theorems
• Nomen non est omen: Why it is too soon to identify ultra-compact objects as black holes
• The semi-classical stress-energy tensor in a Schwarzschild background, the information paradox, and the fate of an evaporating black hole
• Paradoxes before the paradox: surface gravity and the information loss problem
• Dynamical scaling symmetry and asymptotic quantum correlations for time-dependent scalar fields
• Structure of Correlated Worldline Theories of Quantum Gravity
• Non-monogamy of spatio-temporal correlations and the black hole information loss paradox
• A functional approach to soft graviton scattering and BMS charges
• Is it time to rethink quantum gravity?
• A gravitational collapse singularity theorem consistent with black hole evaporation
• Unitarity and Page curve for evaporation of 2D AdS black holes
• Black hole evolution in quantum-gravitational framework
• Nonlocal Entanglement and Directional Correlations of Primordial Perturbations on the Inflationary Horizon
• Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime (2nd Edition)
• Black Hole Evaporation in Loop Quantum Gravity
• Minkowski Conformal Blocks and the Regge Limit for SYK-like Models
• Spin foam amplitude of the black-to-white hole transition
• (Information) Paradox Regained? A Brief Comment on Maudlin on Black Hole Information Loss
• Hadamard states on spherically symmetric characteristic surfaces, the semi-classical Einstein equations and the Hawking effect
• Vacuum polarization instead of "dark matter" in a galaxy
• Models for the nonsingular transition of an evaporating black hole into a white hole
• Are quantum corrections on horizon scale physically motivated?
• Pattern of perturbations from a coherent quantum inflationary horizon
• Quantum fluctuating geometries and the information paradox
• Quantum information in Hawking radiation
• Quantum Effects of the Conformal Anomaly in a 2D Model of Gravitational Collapse
• Correlated Worldline theory: Structure and Consistency
• Smooth and sharp creation of a spherical shell for a $(3+1)$-dimensional quantum field
• Unitary toy qubit transport model for black hole evaporation
• Quantum memory for Rindler supertranslations
• The Devil in the (Implicit) Details. On the AMPS Paradox and its Resolution
• Unitarity in Reissner-Nordström background: striding away from information loss
• Echoes from corpuscular black holes
• Quantum strong cosmic censorship and black hole evaporation
• Interpreting the semi-classical stress-energy tensor in a Schwarzschild background, implications for the information paradox
• Extreme Kerr black hole microstates with horizon fluff
• Hawking radiation from an analogue bouncing geometry
• A dialog on the fate of information in black hole evaporation
• Bell's inequality violation by dynamical Casimir photons in a superconducting microwave circuit
• Prospects for probing small-scale dark matter models with pulsars around Sagittarius A*
• Propagators in the Correlated Worldline Theory of Quantum Gravity
• On Firewalls in quantum-corrected General Relativity
• Probing Near-Horizon Fluctuations with Black Hole Binary Mergers
• Fully extremal black holes: a black hole graveyard?
• Unpacking Black Hole Complementarity
• UNRUH EFFECT: Introductory Notes to Quantum Effects for Accelerated Observers
• Multi-Time Measurements in Hawking Radiation: Information at Higher-Order Correlations
• Soft Theorems from Boundary Terms in the Classical Point Particle Currents
• The information loss problem and Hawking radiation as tunneling
• Information loss paradox revisited: farewell firewall?
• What happens once an accelerating observer has detected a Rindler particle?
• Random pure Gaussian states and Hawking radiation
• Mass evolution of Schwarzschild black holes
• Black holes to white holes I. A complete quasi-classical model
• Compact scalar field solutions in EiBI gravity
• Unitarity and the information problem in an explicit model of black hole evaporation
• Future Boundaries and the Black Hole Information Paradox
• Particle creation and the Schwinger model
• A divergent volume for black holes calls for no "firewall"
• Quantum black holes as solvents
• Towards the merger of Hawking radiating black holes
• Modification to the Hawking temperature of a dynamical black hole by a flow-induced supertranslation
• Quantum scattering process and information transfer out of a black hole
• Quantum Bias Cosmology: Acceleration from Holographic Information Capacity
• Curvature and dynamical spacetimes: can we peer into the quantum regime?
• Stimulated Emission of Radiation and the Black Hole Information Problem
• Quantum fluctuating CGHS geometries and the information paradox
• Globally hyperbolic evaporating black hole and the information loss issue
• A density-responsive scalar-field framework for singularity regularization and dynamical dark energy
• Can a QED photon propagate out of the black-hole horizon?
• Challenging theories of gravitation: dark matter, compact objects and gravitational waves
• Adiabatic quantum decoherence in many non-interacting subsystems induced by the coupling with a common boson bath
• Quantum entanglement of Hawking-Partner modes in expanding cavities
• Correlation Redistribution by Causal Horizons
• On the assumptions leading to the information loss paradox
• Irreversible behaviour of a gas owing to Unruh radiation
• Modave Lectures on Quantum Information: An Introduction to Channels and Applications to Black Holes and AdS/CFT
• Investigation of black hole complementarity in AdS${}_2$ black holes
• On the Origin of Black Hole Paradoxes
• Using thermodynamics to learn gravitational wave physics
• On the gravitization of quantum mechanics and wave function reduction in Bohmian quantum mechanics
• Across-horizon scattering and information transfer
• Black holes and their horizons in semiclassical and modified theories of gravity
• The cost of building a wall for a fermion
• Hawking radiation from an evaporating black hole via Bogoliubov transformations
• Black-hole models in loop quantum gravity
• Black Holes as a Gateway to the Quantum: Classical and Semi-Classical Explorations
• Lectures on the Bondi--Metzner--Sachs group and related topics in infrared physics
• Charge Fluctuations of an Uncharged Black Hole
• Velocity effects slightly mitigating the quantumness degradation of an Unruh-DeWitt detector
• Thermodynamic Phase Transitions and Quantum Entropy Corrections in the Simpson-Visser Regular Black Hole
• Vacuum-purified Hawking radiation from evaporating black holes: Lessons from moving mirrors
• On the nature of the black hole information problem
• Quantum fields on semi-globally hyperbolic space-times
• Tests for the existence of horizon through gravitational waves from a small binary in the vicinity of a massive object