Transverse spin observables in hard-scattering hadronic processes within collinear factorization

Abstract

We review what is currently known about the transverse spin structure of hadrons, in particular from observables that can be analyzed within a collinear framework. These effects have been around for 40 years and represent a critical test of perturbative QCD. We look at both proton-proton and lepton-nucleon collisions for various final states. While the main focus is on transverse single-spin asymmetries, we also discuss how longitudinal-transverse double-spin asymmetries offer a complimentary, yet equally important, source of information on the quark-gluon content of hadrons. We also summarize some recent progress in solidifying the theoretical formalism behind these observables and give an outlook on future directions of research.

Typos corrected, references added/updated, invited review accepted in International Journal of Modern Physics A; 32 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables

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• Twist-3 fragmentation contribution to polarized hyperon production in unpolarized hadronic collisions
• Single spin asymmetry in forward $pA$ collisions II: Fragmentation contribution
• The $g_T(x)$ contribution to single spin asymmetries in SIDIS
• Single spin asymmetries in forward p-p/A collisions revisited: the role of color entanglement
• On the odderon mechanism for transverse single spin asymmetry in the Wandzura-Wilczek approximation
• Single spin asymmetries in ultra-peripheral $p^{\uparrow }A$ collisions
• Single spin asymmetry in forward $pA$ collisions from Pomeron-Odderon interference
• Single-spin asymmetries in SIDIS induced by anomalous gluon-quark and photon-quark couplings
• Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetries of Midrapidity Direct Photons, Neutral Pions, and Eta Mesons in 200 GeV Polarized Proton-Proton Collisions at PHENIX