Four-Quark Hadrons: an Updated Review

Abstract

The past decade witnessed a remarkable proliferation of exotic charmonium-like resonances discovered at accelerators. In particular, the recently observed charged states are clearly not interpretable as q-qbar mesons. Notwithstanding the considerable advances on the experimental side, conflicting theoretical descriptions do not seem to provide a definitive picture about the nature of the so-called XYZ particles. We present here a comprehensive review about this intriguing topic, discussing both those experimental and theoretical aspects which we consider relevant to make further progress in the field. At this state of progress, XYZ phenomenology speaks in favour of the existence of compact four-quark particles (tetraquarks) and we believe that realizing this instructs us in the quest for a firm theoretical framework.

arXiv comment120 pages, 53 figures. Several typos corrected and some refs. added in v2

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• Observation of $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\pi }^0{\pi }^0{h}_c$ and a neutral charmoniumlike structure $Z_c(4020{)}^0$
• Study of the $B\to X(3872)(\to D^{\ast 0}{\bar{D}}^0)K$ decay
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• How the Z_c(3900) Reveals the Spectra of Quarkonium Hybrid and Tetraquark Mesons
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• A study of B->X(3872) K, with X(3872)->J/Psi pi+ pi-
• Tetraquark Interpretation of the Charged Bottomonium-like states Z_b^+-(10610) and Z_b^+-(10650) and Implications
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• A lattice QCD study of generalized gluelumps
• Quantum-Number Exotic Tetraquarks at Large $N_c$ in QCD(AS)
• Quarkonium chromo-polarizability from the decays $J/\psi ({\rm Y})\to \pi \pi {\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$
• Hybrid adiabatic potentials in the QCD string model
• Holographic Hadro-Quarkonium
• Recent progress on the study of the charmoniumlike states
• Adiabaticity and color mixing in tetraquark spectroscopy
• Search for X(3872) in gamma gamma Fusion and ISR at CLEO
• Strong Couplings of X(3872)_{J=1,2} and a New Look at J/psi Suppression in Heavy Ion Collisions
• On the Spin of the X(3872)
• Counting valence quarks at RHIC and LHC
• Search for Resonant $B^{\pm }\to K^{\pm }h\to K^{\pm }\gamma \gamma$ Decays at Belle

Cited by in corpus (158)

• Hadronic molecules
• The hidden-charm pentaquark and tetraquark states
• Multiquark Resonances
• Non-Standard Heavy Mesons and Baryons, an Experimental Review
• Heavy-Quark QCD Exotica
• An updated review of the new hadron states
• Baryons as relativistic three-quark bound states
• Analysis of the $P_c(4380)$ and $P_c(4450)$ as pentaquark states in the diquark model with QCD sum rules
• A non-relativistic model for the $[cc][\bar{c}\bar{c}]$ tetraquark
• Coupled-channel approach to $T_{cc}^{+}$ including three-body effects
• Weak decays of heavy hadrons into dynamically generated resonances
• Observation of $Z_c(3900{)}^0$ in $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\pi }^0{\pi }^{0}J/\psi$
• QCD Sum Rules Approach to the $X,Y$ and $Z$ States
• X(3872) and Y(4140) using diquark-antidiquark operators with lattice QCD
• Determination of spin and parity of the $Z_c(3900)$
• $Z_c(3900)$: what has been really seen?
• Tetraquark state candidates: $Y(4260)$, $Y(4360)$, $Y(4660)$ and $Z_c(4020/4025)$
• ${\chi }_{c0}^{}(3915)$ As the Lightest $c\bar{c}s\bar{s}$ State
• Employing spin symmetry to disentangle different models for the XYZ states
• Studying the P_c(4450) resonance in J/psi photoproduction off protons
• Amplitude analysis and the nature of the Zc(3900)
• Mass spectra of Zc and Zb exotic states as hadron molecules
• Strong $Z_c^{+}(3900)\to J/\psi {\pi }^{+};{\eta }_c{\rho }^{+}$ decays in QCD
• Hybridized Tetraquarks
• The observation of light nuclei at ALICE and the X(3872) conundrum
• X(3872) in the molecular model
• Mass and decay constant of the newly observed exotic $X(5568)$ state
• Charm-beauty meson bound states from $B(B^{\ast })D(D^{\ast })$ and $B(B^{\ast })\bar{D}({\bar{D}}^{\ast })$ interaction
• Hidden charm octet tetraquarks from a diquark-antidiquark model
• The nature of $X(3872)$ from high-multiplicity $pp$ collisions
• The line shapes of the $Z_b(10610)$ and $Z_b(10650)$ in the elastic and inelastic channels revisited
• Deciphering the nature of X(3872) in heavy ion collisions
• Analysis of the $Z_c(4200)$ as axial-vector molecule-like state
• Magnetic dipole moments of the $T_{cc}^{+}$ and $Z_V^{++}$ tetraquark states
• XYZ-like Spectra from Laplace Sum Rule at N2LO in the Chiral Limit
• Zc(4200)+ decay width as a charmonium-like tetraquark state
• Spectrum and rearrangement decays of tetraquark states with four different flavors
• $X(3872)$ production and absorption in a hot hadron gas
• Width of the exotic $X_b(5568)$ state through its strong decay to $B_s^0{\pi }^{+}$
• A tetraquark or not a tetraquark: A holography inspired stringy hadron (HISH) perspective
• The $Z_c$ structures in a coupled-channels model
• Emergence of molecular-type characteristic spectrum of hidden-charm pentaquark with strangeness embodied in the $P_{\psi s}^{\Lambda }(4338)$ and $P_{cs}(4459)$
• Investigation of magnetic moment of $P_{cs}(4338)$ and $P_{cs}(4459)$ pentaquark states
• Probing the nature of Z_c states via the eta_c rho decay
• Testing the molecular nature of ${\mathbf{D}}_{\mathbf{s}0}^{\ast }(2317)$ and ${\mathbf{D}}_0^{\ast }(2400)$ in semileptonic ${\mathbf{B}}_{\mathbf{s}}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ decays
• Heavy quark symmetry and weak decays of the $b$-baryons in pentaquarks with a $c\bar{c}$ component
• Excited mesons, baryons, glueballs and tetraquarks: Predictions of the Holography Inspired Stringy Hadron model
• Tetraquark Production in Double Parton Scattering
• Towards the quark mass dependence of $T_{cc}^{+}$ from lattice QCD
• Tetraquarks in the 1/N Expansion: a New Appraisal
• Charmed partner of the exotic $X(5568)$ state and its properties
• Spin partners $W_{bJ}$ from the line shapes of the $Z_b(10610)$ and $Z_b(10650)$
• Spectroscopy behavior of fully heavy tetraquarks
• Determination of the absolute branching fractions of X(3872) decays
• The string-junction picture of multiquark states: an update
• Triply heavy tetraquark states with the $QQ\bar{Q}\bar{q}$ configuration
• How to understand the underlying structures of $X(4140)$, $X(4274)$, $X(4500)$ and $X(4700)$
• Open-flavor charmed/bottom $sq\bar{q}\bar{Q}$ and $qq\bar{q}\bar{Q}$ tetraquark states
• Can $X(5568)$ be a tetraquark state?
• Charmonium and Charmoniumlike States at the BESIII Experiment
• $B_c\to B_{sJ}$ form factors and $B_c$ decays into $B_{sJ}$ in covariant light-front approach
• Magnetic and quadrupole moments of the $Z_c(3900)$
• Electromagnetic multipole moments of the $P_c^{+}(4380)$ pentaquark in light-cone QCD
• Magnetic dipole moment of the $Z_{cs}(3985)$ state: diquark-antidiquark and molecular pictures
• Tetraquarks in the 1/N expansion and meson-meson resonances
• Unified Fano-like interference picture for charmonium-like states $Y(4008)$, $Y(4260)$ and $Y(4360)$
• Heavy Flavour Physics and CP Violation at LHCb: a Ten-Year Review
• Application of the QCD light cone sum rule to tetraquarks: the strong vertices $X_b{X}_b\rho$ and $X_c{X}_c\rho$
• $Z_c(3900)$: Confronting theory and lattice simulations
• Heavy flavor dibaryons
• Tetraquark and two-meson states at large $N_{\mathrm{c}}$
• From Pentaquarks to Dibaryons in Lambda_b(5620) decays
• Photoproduction of charged final states in ultra-peripheral collisions and electroproduction at an electron-ion collider
• Electromagnetic properties of doubly heavy pentaquark states
• Pentaquark states with the $QQQq\bar{q}$ configuration in a simple model
• Surveying the mass spectra and the electromagnetic properties of the ${\Xi }_c^{(\prime ,\ast )}{D}^{(\ast )}$ molecular pentaquarks
• Open charm-bottom scalar tetraquarks and their strong decays
• Excited and exotic bottomonium spectroscopy from lattice QCD
• Photoproduction of the charged charmoniumlike $Z_c^{+}(4200)$
• Magnetic dipole moments of the $Z_c(4020{)}^{+}$, $Z_c(4200{)}^{+}$, $Z_{cs}(4000{)}^{+}$ and $Z_{cs}(4220{)}^{+}$ states in light-cone QCD
• Production of exotic charmonium in $\gamma \gamma$ interactions at hadronic colliders
• Heavy flavor pentaquarks with four heavy quarks
• Higher molecular $P_{\psi s}^{\Lambda /\Sigma }$ pentaquarks arising from the ${\Xi }_c^{(\prime ,\ast )}{\bar{D}}_1/{\Xi }_c^{(\prime ,\ast )}{\bar{D}}_2^{\ast }$ interactions
• Evidence for a vector charmonium-like state in $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to D_s^{+}{D}_{s2}^{\ast }(2573{)}^{-}+c.c.$
• Magnetic dipole moment of $Z_b(10610)$ in light-cone QCD
• Production of Charmed Tetraquarks from $B_c$ and $B$ decays
• Electromagnetic form factors of the $B_c$-like tetraquarks: molecular and diquark-antidiquark pictures
• Tetraquarks in holographic QCD
• Open charm-bottom axial-vector tetraquarks and their properties
• Insights into $Z_b(10610)$ and $Z_b(10650)$ from dipion transitions from ${\rm Y}(10860)$
• Exploring the magnetic dipole moments of $T_{QQ\bar{q}\bar{s}}$ and $T_{QQ\bar{s}\bar{s}}$ states in the framework of QCD light-cone sum rules
• ${\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}$- and $J/\psi$-isoscalar meson bound states in the hadro-charmonium picture
• Testing the doubly charged charm-strange tetraquarks
• Pair structure of heavy tetraquark systems
• $D{\bar{D}}^{\ast }$ scattering and ${\chi }_{c1}(3872)$ in nuclear matter
• $X(3872)$ as virtual companion pole of the charm-anticharm state ${\chi }_{c1}(2P)$
• New type of doubly charmed molecular pentaquarks containing most strange quarks: Mass spectra, radiative decays, and magnetic moments
• $X(3872)$, $X(4014)$, and their bottom partners at finite temperature
• Searching for charmoniumlike states with hidden $s\bar{s}$
• X(3872) in a hot pion bath
• Study of three-flavored heavy dibaryons using lattice QCD
• On nuclear coalescence in small interacting systems
• Search for a strangeonium-like structure $Z_s$ decaying into $\varphi \pi$ and a measurement of the cross section $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \varphi \pi \pi$
• The electromagnetic multipole moments of the charged open-flavor $Z_{\bar{c}q}$ states
• Weak Decays of Triply Heavy Tetraquarks $b\bar{c}b\bar{q}$
• Charmonium spectrum with a Dirac potential model in the momentum space
• Constraints from precision measurements on the hadron-molecule interpretation of X,Y,Z resonances
• Charmonium production in ultra-peripheral heavy ion collisions with two-photon processes
• Possible bound states with hidden bottom from ${\bar{K}}^{(\ast )}{B}^{(\ast )}{\bar{B}}^{(\ast )}$ systems
• Possible precise measurements of the $X(3872)$ mass with the $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\pi }^0\gamma X(3872)$ and $p\bar{p}\to \gamma X(3872)$ reactions
• The $Z_b$ structures in a constituent quark model coupled-channels calculation
• Hadronic molecules with a $\bar{D}$ meson in a medium
• Thermal contribution of unstable states
• Hadronic states with both open charm and bottom in effective field theory
• A note on the newly observed Y(4220) resonance
• Resonance $X(5568)$ as an exotic axial-vector state
• Prediction of new states from $D^{(\ast )}{B}^{(\ast )}{\bar{B}}^{(\ast )}$ three-body interactions
• The molecular nature of some exotic hadrons
• Understanding close-lying exotic charmonia states within QCD sum rules
• Probing an axial-vector tetraquark $Z_s$ via its semileptonic decay $Z_s\to X(4274)\overline{l}{\nu }_l$
• Density of States of a Coupled-Channel System
• Investigating the M1 radiative decay behaviors and the magnetic moments of the predicted triple-charm molecular-type pentaquarks
• Magnetic moments of the vector hidden-charmed tetraquark states
• Tetraquarks, Pentaquarks and Dibaryons in the large $N$ QCD
• Can the $\psi (4040)$ explain the peak associated with $Y(4008)$?
• Diquark bound states with a completely crossed ladder truncation
• Binding of the three-hadron $D{D}^{\ast }K$ system from the lattice effective field theory
• Revisiting the tensor $J^{PC}=2^{--}$ meson spectrum
• Study of structures and dynamical decay mechanisms for multiquark systems
• The electromagnetic multipole moments of the possible charm-strange pentaquarks in light-cone QCD
• In the Pursuit of $X(5568)$ and its Charmed Partner
• Magnetic and quadrupole moments of the $Z_c(4020{)}^{+}$, $Z_c(4050{)}^{+}$, and $Z_c(4600{)}^{+}$ states in the diquark-antidiquark picture
• Probing exotic $J^{PC}$ resonances from deeply bound charmoniumlike molecules: Insights for identifying exotic hadrons
• Search for the decay ${\chi }_{c1}(3872)\to {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}{\chi }_{c1}$
• $Z_b(10610)$ in a hadronic medium
• Superfactory of bottomed hadrons Belle II
• QFT treatment of a bound state in a thermal gas
• Experimental review of the ${\rm Y}(1S,2S,3S)$ physics at $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ colliders and the LHC
• Electromagnetic properties of the $D{\bar{D}}^{\ast }K$ molecular hexaquark state
• Investigating full-heavy tetraquarks composed of $cc\bar{c}\bar{b}$ and $bb\bar{b}\bar{c}$
• On the color structure of Yang-Mills theory with static sources in a periodic box
• Schottky Anomaly and Hadronic Spectrum
• Production of the bottomonium-like states $Z_b$ states at $e$-$h$ and ultraperipheral $h$-$h$ collisions
• Search for light tetraquark states in ${\rm Y}(1S)$ and ${\rm Y}(2S)$ decays
• Search for the light hadron decay ${\chi }_{c1}(3872)\to {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}\eta$
• Five-flavor molecular pentaquarks in the ${\Xi }_b^{(\prime ,\ast )}{\bar{D}}^{(\ast )}$ and ${\Xi }_c^{(\prime ,\ast )}{B}^{(\ast )}$ systems
• The Joint Physics Analysis Center: Recent results
• Dynamical transition between two mesons and a tetraquark
• Charting doubly strange hidden-charm pentaquarks: An electromagnetic mapping of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ and $\frac{3}{2}$ states
• Search for the $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \varphi {\chi }_{c1}(3872)$ process at BESIII
• An analysis on doubly bottom molecular tetraquarks composed of $H_{(s)}$ and $T_{(s)}$ doublets
• Structural dissection of hadronic molecules: The $D^{(\ast )}{\bar{K}}^{(\ast )}$ family under QCD light-cone sum rules
• Production of exotic hadrons at hadron colliders
• Compact Tetraquark Interpretation of the XYZ States
• Analytic electromagnetic signatures of compact pentaquark structure: A multi-current QCD light-cone sum rules analysis of the $P_{\psi s}^{\Lambda }$ states
• Some aspects on four quarks recombination
• Systematic study of fully heavy-flavored tetraquarks $Q_1{Q}_2{\bar{Q}}_1{\bar{Q}}_2(Q_{1;2}\in \left\{b;c\right\})$: Mass spectra, threshold analysis, and confrontation with LHC data
• Mass-Spectroscopy of [$bb][\bar{b}\bar{b}$] and [$bq][\bar{b}\bar{q}$] tetraquark states in a diquark-antidiquark formalism