Magnetic effects in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies

Abstract

The time-evolution and space-distribution of internal electromagnetic fields in heavy-ion reactions at beam energies between 200 and 2000 MeV/nucleon are studied within an Isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uhling-Uhlenbeck transport model IBUU11. While the magnetic field can reach about $7\times 10^{16}$ G which is significantly higher than the estimated surface magnetic field ($\sim 10^{15}$ G) of magnetars, it has almost no effect on nucleon observables as the Lorentz force is normally much weaker than the nuclear force. Very interestingly, however, the magnetic field generated by the projectile-like (target-like) spectator has a strong focusing/diverging effect on positive/negative pions at forward (backward) rapidities. Consequently, the differential ${\pi }^{-}/{\pi }^{+}$ ratio as a function of rapidity is significantly altered by the magnetic field while the total multiplicities of both positive and negative pions remain about the same. At beam energies above about 1 GeV/nucleon, while the integrated ratio of total ${\pi }^{-}$ to ${\pi }^{+}$ multiplicities is not, the differential ${\pi }^{-}/{\pi }^{+}$ ratio is sensitive to the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy $E_{\mathrm{sym}}(\rho )$. Our findings suggest that magnetic effects should be carefully considered in future studies of using the differential ${\pi }^{-}/{\pi }^{+}$ ratio as a probe of the $E_{\mathrm{sym}}(\rho )$ at supra-saturation densities.

12 pages including 8 figures and 1 table

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