Flow systematics from SIS to SPS energies

Abstract

The various flow phenomena observed at energies between 50 AMeV and 160 AGeV are reviewed. I first define three types of flow: directed flow and elliptic flow, which are the two first Fourier components of the azimuthal distribution in non-central collisions; radial flow, which is deduced from an analysis of transverse momentum spectra in central collisions. Then, I review the observations of directed flow and elliptic flow, with emphasis on recent results. I discuss their dependence on various parameters: global geometry (impact parameter, mass numbers of colliding nuclei and bombarding energy) and individual observables (rapidity, transverse momentum and particle type). Finally, I explain how azimuthal distributions can be measured experimentally.

12 pages, Latex, 5 Postscript figures included. Talk given at Quark Matter'97, 13th International Conference on Ultra-Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, 1-5 December 97,Tsukuba, Japan

References in corpus (4)

• Transverse momentum analysis of collective motion in relativistic nuclear collisions
• Soft transverse expansion in Pb(158 AGeV) on Pb collisions: preequilibrium motion or 1st order phase transition?
• Onset of Nuclear Matter Expansion in Au+Au Collisions
• Azimuthal Anisotropies as Stringent Test for Nuclear Transport Models

Cited by in corpus (109)

• Elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV
• Elliptic flow at large transverse momenta from quark coalescence
• Anisotropic transverse flow and the quark-hadron phase transition
• Flow analysis from multiparticle azimuthal correlations
• Elliptic flow at SPS and RHIC: from kinetic transport to hydrodynamics
• Elliptic flow from two- and four-particle correlations in Au + Au collisions at sqrt{s_{NN}} = 130 GeV
• Particle Interferometry for Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Directed and elliptic flow of charged pions and protons in Pb+Pb collisions at 40 and 158A GeV
• Event-by-Event Simulation of the Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Evolution from Flux Tube Initial Conditions in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Identified Particle Elliptic Flow in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{NN}}}=130$ GeV}
• New method for measuring azimuthal distributions in nucleus-nucleus collisions
• Results of the ASY-EOS experiment at GSI: The symmetry energy at suprasaturation density
• Two-Particle Correlations in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Elliptic Flow: Transition from out-of-plane to in-plane Emission in Au + Au Collisions
• Systematics of pion emission in heavy ion collisions in the 1A GeV regime
• Elliptic flow and incomplete equilibration at RHIC
• Antiflow of Nucleons at the Softest Point of the EoS
• Effect of flow fluctuations and nonflow on elliptic flow methods
• Flow Measurements via Two-particle Azimuthal Correlations in Au + Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV
• Anisotropic flow from AGS to LHC energies
• Recent results in relativistic heavy ion collisions: from ``a new state of matter'' to "the perfect fluid"
• The physics of the centrality dependence of elliptic flow
• Quark Coalescence and Elliptic Flow of Charm Hadrons
• Pseudorapidity and centrality dependence of the collective flow of charged particles in Au+Au collisions at sqrt{s_NN} = 130 GeV
• Is the analysis of flow at the CERN SPS reliable?
• Decomposition of Harmonic and Jet Contributions to Particle-pair Correlations at Ultra-relativistic Energies
• Novel rapidity dependence of directed flow in high energy heavy ion collisions
• Torqued fireballs in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Anisotropic flow in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Systematics of Stopping and Flow in Au+Au Collisions
• Mean-Field Effects on Collective Flows in High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions at 2-158A GeV energies
• Anisotropy of flow and the order of phase transition in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Directed, elliptic and higher order flow harmonics of protons, deuterons and tritons in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.4$ GeV
• Sideward flow of K+ mesons in Ru+Ru and Ni+Ni reactions near threshold
• Collective flow and long-range correlations in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Reaction Dynamics and Multifragmentation in Fermi Energy Heavy Ion Reactions
• Elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions near the balance energy
• Collective phenomena in non-central nuclear collisions
• Unified description of Bjorken and Landau 1+1 hydrodynamics
• Multi-particle and charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider
• Fluctuations around Bjorken Flow and the onset of turbulent phenomena
• Directed flow at mid-rapidity in event-by-event hydrodynamics
• Magnetic effects in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
• Dissipation and elliptic flow at RHIC
• Proton Differential Elliptic Flow and the Isospin-Dependence of the Nuclear Equation of State
• Elliptic Flow from Minijet Production in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Anisotropic flow of charged and identified hadrons in the quark-gluon string model for Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s) = 200 GeV
• Elliptic flow ($v_2$) in pp collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider: A hydrodynamical approach
• Differential flow in heavy-ion collisions at balance energies
• Hydrodynamics at large baryon densities: Understanding proton vs. anti-proton v_2 and other puzzles
• Directed, elliptic and triangular flow of protons in Au+Au reactions at 1.23 AGeV: A theoretical analysis of the recent HADES data
• Elliptic flow at collider energies and cascade string models: The role of hard processes and multi-Pomeron exchanges
• First, second, third and fourth flow harmonics of deuterons and protons in Au+Au reactions at 1.23 A GeV
• Charm elliptic flow from quark coalescence dynamics
• Eccentricity fluctuations make flow measurable in high multiplicity p-p collisions
• The effect of finite-range interactions in classical transport theory
• Differential directed flow in Au+Au collisions
• Observation of different azimuthal emission patterns for K+ and of K- mesons in Heavy Ion Collisions at 1-2 AGeV
• Uranium on uranium collisions at relativistic energies
• The role of elliptic flow correlations in the discovery of the sQGP at RHIC
• Tomography of the Quark Gluon Plasma by Heavy Quarks
• Hydrodynamic models
• Multiparticle correlations from momentum conservation
• Flow in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• Azimuthal Emission Patterns of $K^{+}$ and of $K^{-}$ Mesons in Ni + Ni Collisions near the Strangeness Production Threshold
• Charged pion production in ${}_{44}^{96}$Ru+${}_{44}^{96}$Ru collisions at 400A and 1528A MeV
• In-Plane Elliptic Flow of Resonance Particles in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Microscopic study of energy and centrality dependence of transverse collective flow in heavy-ion collisions
• First analysis of anisotropic flow with Lee--Yang zeroes
• Elliptic Flow: A Study of Space-Momentum Correlations In Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
• Transverse momentum dependence of directed particle flow at 160 AGeV
• Emission times and opacities from interferometry in non-central Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
• Flow angle from intermediate mass fragment measurements
• Rapidity equilibration and longitudinal expansion at RHIC
• Signals of the quark-gluon plasma in nucleus-nucleus collisions
• Collective flow and correlations measurements with HADES in Au+Au collisions at 1.23 AGeV
• Elliptic Flow arising from Ridges due to Semi-hard Scattering
• Stopping effects in U+U collisions with a beam energy of 520 MeV/nucleon
• Elliptic Flow Analysis at RHIC with the Lee-Yang Zeroes Method in a Relativistic Transport Approach
• Measures of azimuthal anisotropy in high-energy collisions
• $\Omega$ and $\varphi$ in Au + Au ~collisions at \srt~= 200 and 11.5 GeV from a multiphase transport model
• Effect of initial fluctuations on the collective flow in intermediate-energy heavy ion collisions
• Excitation function of nucleon and pion elliptic flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Can shadowing mimic the QCD phase transition?
• Simulation study of elliptic flow of charged hadrons produced in Au + Au collisions at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research
• Meson and baryon elliptic flow at high pT from parton coalescence
• Determination of Azimuthal Anisotropy of Neutral Pions from the Measured Anisotropy of Photons in Ultra-relativistic Nuclear Collisions
• Hydrodynamic afterburner for the CGC at RHIC
• Transition to meson-dominated matter at RHIC. Consequences for kaon flow
• Highlights from BNL-RHIC 2011-2013
• Elliptic flow of Lambda hyperons in Pb+Pb collisions at 158A GeV
• Effect of nonflow and flow fluctuations on elliptic flow methods
• Utilizing maximum likelihood estimator for flow analysis
• Space-time analysis: HBT at SPS and RHIC
• Neural Network Emulation of Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies
• Jet evolution in a dense QCD medium
• Probing the boundary of phase transition of nuclear matter using proton flows in heavy-ion collisions at 2-8 GeV/nucleon
• Anisotropic Flow from RHIC to the LHC
• Collective Dynamics at RHIC
• Principal Component Analysis of Azimuthal Flow in Intermediate-Energy Heavy-Ion Reactions
• Absence of Thermophoretic Flow in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions as an Indicator for the Absence of a Mixed Phase
• Azimuthal distributions of radial momentum and velocity in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Is the existence of a softest point in the directed flow excitation function an unambiguous signal for the creation of a quark-gluon plasma?
• Angular pattern of minijet transverse energy flow in hadron and nuclear collisions
• Results from PHENIX at RHIC with Implications for LHC
• Results from RHIC with Implications for LHC
• Measurement methods of radial flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Characterization and analysis of azimuthally sensitive correlations
• Trace initial interaction from final state observable in relativistic heavy ion collisions