The Assembly of Galaxy Clusters

Abstract

We study the formation of fifty-three galaxy cluster-size dark matter halos formed within a pair of cosmological LCDM N-body simulations, and track the accretion histories of cluster subhalos with masses large enough to host 0.1L* galaxies. By associating subhalos with cluster galaxies, we find the majority of galaxies in clusters experience no pre-processing in the group environment prior to their accretion into the cluster. On average, ~70% of cluster galaxies fall into the cluster potential directly from the field, with no luminous companions in their host halos at the time of accretion; and less than ~12% are accreted as members of groups with five or more galaxies. Moreover, we find that cluster galaxies are significantly less likely to have experienced a merger in the recent past (~6 Gyr) than a field halo of the same mass. These results suggest that local, cluster processes like ram-pressure stripping, galaxy harassment, or strangulation play the dominant role in explaining the difference between cluster and field populations at a fixed stellar mass; and that pre-evolution or past merging in the group environment is of secondary importance for setting cluster galaxy properties for most clusters. The accretion times for z = 0 cluster members are quite extended, with ~20% incorporated into the cluster halo more than 7 Gyr ago and ~20% within the last 2 Gyr. By comparing the observed morphological fractions in cluster and field populations, we estimate an approximate timescale for late-type to early-type transformation within the cluster environment to be ~6 Gyr.

10 pages, 9 figures, 1 tables, submitted to ApJ

References in corpus (49)

• Populating a cluster of galaxies - I. Results at z=0
• Statistical Properties of X-ray Clusters: Analytic and Numerical Comparisons
• Galaxy Harassment and the Evolution of Clusters of Galaxies
• The Galaxy Luminosity Function and Luminosity Density at Redshift z=0.1
• Evolution since z = 0.5 of the Morphology-Density relation for Clusters of Galaxies
• The Dark Side of the Halo Occupation Distribution
• Modeling Luminosity-Dependent Galaxy Clustering Through Cosmic Time
• The Origin of Star Formation Gradients in Rich Galaxy Clusters
• The Star Formation Histories of Galaxies in Distant Clusters
• Properties of Galaxy Groups in the SDSS: I.-- The Dependence of Colour, Star Formation, and Morphology on Halo Mass
• Adaptive Refinement Tree - a new high-resolution N-body code for cosmological simulations
• The bimodal galaxy color distribution: dependence on luminosity and environment
• Gone with the wind: the origin of S0 galaxies in clusters
• The tumultuous lives of galactic dwarfs and the missing satellites problem
• Galaxy Evolution from Halo Occupation Distribution Modeling of DEEP2 and SDSS Galaxy Clustering
• The Shape of Dark Matter Halos: Dependence on Mass, Redshift, Radius, and Formation
• The Dependence of Halo Clustering on Halo Formation History, Concentration, and Occupation
• Galaxies in N-body simulations: overcoming the overmerging problem
• K-band Properties of Galaxy Clusters and Groups: Brightest Cluster Galaxies and Intracluster Light
• The Properties of Poor Groups of Galaxies: I. Spectroscopic Survey and Results
• Halo Substructure And The Power Spectrum
• The Morphology - Density Relation in z ~ 1 Clusters
• How to Plant a Merger Tree
• K-band Properties of Galaxy Clusters and Groups: Luminosity Function, Radial Distribution and Halo Occupation Number
• The Physics of Galaxy Clustering I: A Model for Subhalo Populations
• A wide field Hubble Space Telescope study of the cluster CL0024+16 at z=0.4. I: morphological distributions to 5 Mpc radius
• Virgo Galaxies with Long One-Sided HI Tails
• The evolution of the star formation activity in galaxies and its dependence on environment
• Shredded Galaxies as the Source of Diffuse Intrahalo Light On Varying Scales
• Merger Histories of Galaxy Halos and Implications for Disk Survival
• The Excursion Set Theory of Halo Mass Functions, Halo Clustering, and Halo Growth
• The Evolution of Population Gradients in Galaxy Clusters: the Butcher-Oemler Effect and Cluster Infall
• The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Color and Luminosity Dependence of Galaxy Clustering at z~1
• The Hierarchical Build-Up of Massive Galaxies and the Intracluster Light since z=1
• The Spatial and Kinematic Distributions of Cluster Galaxies in a LCDM Universe -- Comparison with Observations
• Modelling galaxy clustering in a high resolution simulation of structure formation
• Infall of substructures onto a Milky Way-like dark halo
• The DEEP2 galaxy redshift survey: the evolution of the blue fraction in groups and the field
• The evolution of the galaxy distribution
• The effects of environment on morphological evolution between 0<z<1.2 in the COSMOS Survey
• Close Galaxy Counts as a Probe of Hierarchical Structure Formation
• The Galaxy Populations of X-Ray Detected, Poor Groups
• Infall, the Butcher-Oemler Effect, and the Descendants of Blue Cluster Galaxies at z~0.6
• GALICS -- VI. Modelling Hierarchical Galaxy Formation in Clusters
• On the Luminosity Dependence of the Galaxy Pairwise Velocity Dispersion
• Morphology-Density Relation for Simulated Clusters of Galaxies in Cold Dark Matter Dominated Universe
• The Color Bimodality in Galaxy Clusters since z = 0.9
• Mass and Redshift Dependence of Star Formation in Relaxed Galaxy Clusters
• A Divided Universe: Red and Blue Galaxies and their Preferred Environments

Cited by in corpus (128)

• Galaxy evolution in groups and clusters: satellite star formation histories and quenching timescales in a hierarchical Universe
• Galaxy evolution in groups and clusters: star formation rates, red sequence fractions, and the persistent bimodality
• The accretion of galaxies into groups and clusters
• The environmental history of group and cluster galaxies in a LambdaCDM Universe
• The Atlas3D project - X. On the origin of the molecular and ionised gas in early-type galaxies
• Ram Pressure Stripping in High-Density Environments
• Bulge mass is king: The dominant role of the bulge in determining the fraction of passive galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• LoCuSS: The slow quenching of star formation in cluster galaxies and the need for pre-processing
• Why does the environmental influence on group and cluster galaxies extend beyond the virial radius?
• Discovery of a galaxy cluster with a violently starbursting core at z=2.506
• Environmental Effects on Satellite Galaxies: The Link Between Concentration, Size and Colour Profile
• Quenched fractions in the IllustrisTNG simulations: the roles of AGN feedback, environment, and pre-processing
• LoCuSS: The steady decline and slow quenching of star formation in cluster galaxies over the last four billion years
• Infall Times for Milky Way Satellites From Their Present-Day Kinematics
• The influence of the environmental history on quenching star formation in a $\Lambda$CDM universe
• The Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei in Clusters of Galaxies to Redshift 1.3
• The IMACS Cluster Building Survey: II. Spectral Evolution of Galaxies in the Epoch of Cluster Assembly
• Hot gas in massive halos drives both mass quenching and environment quenching
• Pre-Processing and Post-Processing in Group-Cluster Mergers
• LoCuSS: The mid-infrared Butcher-Oemler effect
• The evolution of dust-obscured star formation activity in galaxy clusters relative to the field over the last 9 billion years
• zCOSMOS 20k: Satellite galaxies are the main drivers of environmental effects in the galaxy population at least to z~0.7
• Evolution in the H I Gas Content of Galaxy Groups: Pre-Processing and Mass Assembly in the Current Epoch
• Environmental quenching and hierarchical cluster assembly: Evidence from spectroscopic ages of red-sequence galaxies in Coma
• The stripping of a galaxy group diving into the massive cluster A2142
• Physical properties of SDSS satellite galaxies in projected phase-space
• Characterizing Intra-cluster light in the Hubble Frontier Fields
• The role of dry mergers for the formation and evolution of brightest cluster galaxies
• Multimodality in galaxy clusters from SDSS DR8: substructure and velocity distribution
• Disruption of satellite galaxies in simulated groups and clusters: the roles of accretion time, baryons, and pre-processing
• The colour of galaxies in distant groups
• Quenching star formation in cluster galaxies
• SDSS superclusters: morphology and galaxy content
• Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers. Morphological properties: tidal relics, lenses, ovals, and other inner components
• The IR Luminosity Functions of Rich Clusters
• The pre-processing of subhaloes in SDSS groups and clusters
• An inventory of galaxies in cosmic filaments feeding galaxy clusters: galaxy groups, backsplash galaxies, and pristine galaxies
• Gemini Observations of Galaxies in Rich Early Environments (GOGREEN) I: Survey Description
• Constraints on intragroup stellar mass from hostless Type Ia supernova
• Probing Evolutionary Mechanisms in Galaxy Clusters: Neutral Atomic Hydrogen in Abell 1367
• Symphony: Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation Suites over Four Decades of Host Halo Mass
• On the origin of gas-poor galaxies in galaxy clusters using cosmological hydrodynamic simulations
• Simulating the evolution of disc galaxies in a group environment. I. The influence of the global tidal field
• Dwarf galaxy populations in present-day galaxy clusters - II. The history of early-type and late-type dwarfs
• M/L and Color Evolution for A Deep Sample of M* Cluster Galaxies at z~1: The Formation Epoch and the Tilt of the Fundamental Plane
• YZiCS: Preprocessing of dark halos in the hydrodynamic zoom-in simulation of clusters
• Rhapsody. II. Subhalo Properties and the Impact of Tidal Stripping From a Statistical Sample of Cluster-Size Halos
• Galaxy evolution in protoclusters
• The Padova-Millennium Galaxy and Group Catalogue (PM2GC): the group-finding method and the PM2GC catalogues of group, binary and single field galaxies
• A Study of Catalogued Nearby Galaxy Clusters in the SDSS-DR4. II. Cluster Substructure
• Reversal or no reversal: the evolution of the star formation rate-density relation up to z~1.6
• Shapley Supercluster Survey (ShaSS): Galaxy Evolution from Filaments to Cluster Cores
• A textbook example of ram-pressure stripping in the Hydra A/A780 cluster
• Deep Chandra observations of the stripped galaxy group falling into Abell 2142
• Star Formation in the Bullet Cluster I: The Infrared Luminosity Function and Star Formation Rate
• Effects on Galaxy Evolution: Pair Interactions versus Environment
• Close-up view of an ongoing merger between the NGC 4839 group and the Coma cluster - a post-merger scenario
• The Fornax3D project: Assembly histories of lenticular galaxies from a combined dynamical and population orbital analysis
• KAT-7 Science Verification: Cold Gas, Star Formation, and Substructure in the Nearby Antlia Cluster
• The Sloan Great Wall. Rich clusters
• Galaxy Merger Candidates in High-Redshift Cluster Environments
• Accretion of Galaxy Groups into Galaxy Clusters
• The Contribution of Halos with Different Mass Ratios to the Overall Growth of Cluster-Sized Halos
• A Wide-Field Study of the z~0.8 Cluster RX J0152.7-1357: the Role of Environment in the Formation of the Red-Sequence
• Individual and Group Galaxies in CNOC1 clusters
• Simulating the evolution of disc galaxies in a group environment. II. The influence of close-encounters between galaxies
• Star formation, starbursts and quenching across the Coma supercluster
• Evolution of vorticity and enstrophy in the intracluster medium
• Satellite Ecology: The Dearth of Environment Dependence
• Effect of Helium Sedimentation on X-ray Measurements of Galaxy Clusters
• The GOGREEN survey: Dependence of galaxy properties on halo mass at z > 1 and implications for environmental quenching
• The Three Hundred Project: Substructure in hydrodynamical and dark matter simulations of galaxy groups around clusters
• Chemical pre-processing of cluster galaxies over the past 10 billion years in the IllustrisTNG simulations
• The dusty, albeit ultraviolet bright infancy of galaxies
• Implications of the remarkable homogeneity of galaxy groups and clusters
• BUDHIES IV: Deep 21-cm neutral Hydrogen, optical and UV imaging data of Abell 963 and Abell 2192 at z $\simeq$ 0.2
• An environmental Butcher-Oemler effect in intermediate redshift X-ray clusters
• Quantifying the suppression of the (un)-obscured star formation in galaxy cluster cores at 0.2$\lesssim$$z$$\lesssim$0.9
• MAMMOTH: Confirmation of Two Massive Galaxy Overdensities at $z=2.24$ with H$\alpha$ Emitters
• ACCESS III: The Nature of Star Formation in the Shapley Supercluster
• Extended X-ray study of M49: the frontier of the Virgo Cluster
• The First Mid-IR View of the Star-forming Properties of Nearby Galaxy Groups
• CO($J$=1-0) mapping survey of 64 galaxies in the Fornax cluster with the ALMA Morita array
• Large-scale Structure and Dynamics of the Most X-ray Luminous Galaxy Cluster Known -- RX J1347-1145
• The Grism lens-amplified survey from space (GLASS). VIII. The influence of the cluster properties on Halpha emitter galaxies at 0.3<z<0.7
• The Three Hundred project: Galaxy groups do not survive cluster infall
• The Three Hundred Project: The gas disruption of infalling objects in cluster environments
• Satellite galaxies in groups in the CIELO Project I. Gas removal from galaxies and its re-distribution in the intragroup medium
• Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): Witnessing the assembly of the cluster Abell 1882
• The XXL Survey X: K-band luminosity - weak-lensing mass relation for groups and clusters of galaxies
• The galaxy population of the complex cluster system Abell 3921
• The Kinematics of Cluster Galaxies via Velocity Dispersion Profiles
• The anatomy of the NGC 5044 group -- II. Stellar populations and star-formation histories
• Effect of richness on AGN and star formation activities in SDSS galaxy groups
• Star Formation Enhancement in Barred Disk Galaxies in Interacting Galaxy Clusters
• A Multi-Wavelength Study of Low Redshift Clusters of Galaxies I. Comparison of X-ray and Mid-Infrared Selected AGNs
• Star-formation rates of cluster galaxies: nature vs nurture
• The structure of the merging RCS 231953+00 Supercluster at z ~ 0.9
• Photometric studies of Abell 1664: The subtle effect a minor merger has on cluster galaxies
• An improved prescription for merger time-scales from controlled simulations
• Galaxy Luminosity Function of Dynamically Young Abell 119 Cluster: Probing the Cluster Assembly
• Assembly Bias of Dwarf-sized Dark Matter Haloes
• The miniJPAS survey: The galaxy populations in the most massive cluster in miniJPAS, mJPC2470-1771
• Hot gas in groups: NGC 5328 and the intriguing case of NGC 4756 with XMM-Newton
• The Stellar Mass - Halo Mass Relation for Low Mass X-ray Groups at 0.5<z<1 in the CDFS with CSI
• Backsplash galaxies and their impact on galaxy evolution: a three-stage, four-type perspective
• COSMOS Brightest Group Galaxies -- III: Evolution of stellar ages
• Pre-processing of Galaxies in the Early Stages of Cluster Formation in Abell 1882 at $z$=0.139
• Low Surface Brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy's properties and environment
• Close Galaxy Pairs at z = 3: A Challenge to UV Luminosity Abundance Matching
• The velocity field of the Lyra complex
• Difference in dwarf galaxy surface brightness profiles as a function of environment
• A Multi-Wavelength Study of Low Redshift Cluster of Galaxies II. Environmental Impact on Galaxy Growth
• Preprocessing in small groups: Three simulated galaxies interacting prior to cluster infall
• A study on the multicolour evolution of Red Sequence galaxy populations: insights from hydrodynamical simulations and semi-analytical models
• The Rotational Profiles of Cluster Galaxies
• Growth and disruption in the Lyra complex
• CLASH-VLT: Galaxy cluster MACS J0329-0211 and its surroundings using galaxies as kinematic tracers
• More relaxed intracluster gas than galaxies in clusters in quasi-equilibrium
• The collaborative effect of ram pressure and merging on star formation and stripping fraction
• The eventful life journey of galaxy clusters. I. Impact of DM halo and ICM properties on their full assembly histories
• Accretion processes in the galaxy cluster Hydra A/Abell 780
• Unveiling the shape: a multi-wavelength analysis of the galaxy clusters Abell 76 and Abell 1307
• Late growth of early-type galaxies in low-z massive clusters
• The distribution of lenticular galaxies in the phase space of present-day galaxy cluster regions
• RXCJ1111.6+4050 galaxy cluster: the observational evidence of a transitional fossil group
• Low X-Ray Luminosity Galaxy Clusters: Main goals, sample selection, photometric and spectroscopic observations
• The Complex Structure of the Abell 548 - Abell 3367 Region