The formation and evolution of planetary systems: Grain growth and chemical processing of dust in T Tauri systems

Abstract

This paper is one in a series presenting results obtained within the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems (FEPS) Legacy Science Program on the Spitzer Space Telescope. Here we present a study of dust processing and growth in seven protoplanetary disks. Our spectra indicate that the circumstellar silicate dust grains have grown to sizes at least 10 times larger than observed in the interstellar medium, and show evidence for a non-negligible (~5 % in mass fractions) contribution from crystalline species. These results are similar to those of other studies of protoplanetary disks. In addition, we find a correlation between the strength of the amorphous silicate feature and the shape of the spectral energy distribution. This latter result is consistent with the growth and subsequent gravitational settling of dust grains towards the disk mid-plane. Further, we find a change in the relative abundance of the different crystalline species: more enstatite relative to forsterite is observed in the inner warm dust population at ~1 AU, while forsterite dominates in the colder outer regions at ~5 to 15 AU. This change in the relative abundances argues for a localized crystallization process rather than a radial mixing scenario where crystalline silicates are being transported outwards from a single formation region in the hot inner parts of the disk. Last, we report the detection of emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules in five out of seven sources. We find a tentative PAH band at 8.2 micron, previously undetected in the spectra of disks around low-mass pre-main-sequence stars.

53 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables, ApJ accepted

References in corpus (14)

• A Survey and Analysis of Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Spectra of T Tauri Stars in Taurus
• Evidence for Mass-dependent Circumstellar Disk Evolution in the 5 Myr-old Upper Scorpius OB Association
• The shape and composition of interstellar silicate grains
• Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems: Upper Limits to the Gas Mass in Disks Around Sun-like Stars
• Spitzer-IRS spectra of disks around T Tauri stars II. PAH emission features
• Dust Processing in Disks around T Tauri Stars
• Spitzer-IRS Observations of FU Orionis Objects
• Evolution of dust and ice features around FU Orionis objects
• Probing Protoplanetary Disks with Silicate Emission: Where is the silicate emission zone?
• Crystalline silicates as a probe of disk formation history
• The origin of GEMS in IDPs as deduced from microstructural evolution of amorphous silicates with annealing
• Dust Size Growth and Settling in a Protoplanetary Disk
• Analysis of the dust evolution in the circumstellar disks of TTauri stars
• FU Orionis - The MIDI/VLTI Perspective

Cited by in corpus (117)

• Improved Age Estimation for Solar-Type Dwarfs Using Activity-Rotation Diagnostics
• The Ubiquity of Micrometer-Sized Dust Grains in the Dense Interstellar Medium
• The Different Evolution of Gas and Dust in Disks around Sun-like and Cool Stars
• Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems (FEPS): Properties of Debris Dust around Solar-type Stars
• A Spitzer IRS Study of Infrared Variability in Transitional and Pre-Transitional Disks around T Tauri Stars
• Dust evolution in protoplanetary disks around Herbig Ae/Be stars - The Spitzer view
• Debris disks as signposts of terrestrial planet formation
• Crystalline silicates and dust processing in the protoplanetary disks of the Taurus young cluster
• Evidence for Disk Photoevaporation Driven by the Central Star
• Spitzer's view on aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon emission in Herbig Ae stars
• A Spitzer c2d Legacy Survey to Identify and Characterize Disks with Inner Dust Holes
• The chemical history of molecules in circumstellar disks. II. Gas-phase species
• MHD Simulations of Global Accretion Disks with Vertical Magnetic Fields
• PDRs4All IV. An embarrassment of riches: Aromatic infrared bands in the Orion Bar
• Dust Transport in Protostellar Disks Through Turbulence and Settling
• Dust Processing and Grain Growth in Protoplanetary Disks in the Taurus-Auriga Star-Forming Region
• C2D Spitzer-IRS spectra of disks around T Tauri stars. IV. Crystalline silicates
• Structure and evolution of debris disks around F-type stars: I. Observations, database and basic evolutionary aspects
• The Earliest Phases of Star formation observed with Herschel (EPoS): The dust temperature and density distributions of B68
• Milky Way Mid-Infrared Spitzer Spectroscopic Extinction Curves: Continuum and Silicate Features
• The Transitional Protoplanetary Disk Frequency as a Function of Age: Disk Evolution in the Coronet Cluster, Taurus, and Other 1--8 Myr-old Regions
• The Atomic and Molecular Content of Disks Around Very Low-mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• Water in the terrestrial planet-forming zone of the PDS 70 disk
• The structure of disks around intermediate-mass young stars from mid-infrared interferometry. Evidence for a population of group II disks with gaps
• Chemo-dynamical deuterium fractionation in the early solar nebula: The origin of water on Earth and in asteroids and comets
• Silicate features in Galactic and extragalactic post-AGB discs
• The outcome of protoplanetary dust growth: pebbles, boulders, or planetesimals? III. Sedimentation driven coagulation inside the snow-line
• Very Low-Mass Objects in the Coronet Cluster: The Realm of the Transition Disks
• Transient dust in warm debris disks - Detection of Fe-rich olivine grains
• The Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems: Description of the Spitzer Legacy Science Database
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ionization as a tracer of gas flows through protoplanetary disk gaps
• Variability of the Infrared Excess of Extreme Debris Disks
• The 2008 outburst of EX Lup - silicate crystals in motion
• The Long-Lived Disks in the Eta Chamaeleontis Cluster
• A Spitzer Survey of Protoplanetary Disk Dust in the Young Serpens Cloud: How do Dust Characteristics Evolve with Time?
• Impact of grain evolution on the chemical structure of protoplanetary disks
• On the Evolution of Dust Mineralogy, From Protoplanetary Disks to Planetary Systems
• The VLTI/MIDI survey of massive young stellar objects - Sounding the inner regions around intermediate- and high-mass young stars using mid-infrared interferometry
• The fragility of planetary systems
• Constraining the structure of the transition disk HD 135344B (SAO 206462) by simultaneous modeling of multiwavelength gas and dust observations
• Meridional circulation in turbulent protoplanetary disks
• C2D Spitzer-IRS spectra of disks around T Tauri stars V. Spectral decomposition
• A Spitzer-IRS Detection of Crystalline Silicates in a Protostellar Envelope
• Unusual PAH Emission in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies: A Signature of an Intermediate Age Stellar Population?
• The 69 micron forsterite band in spectra of protoplanetary disks - Results from the Herschel DIGIT programme
• A Spitzer Study of Debris Disks In The Young Nearby Cluster NGC 2232: Icy Planets Are Common Around ~ 1.5--3 Solar-Mass Stars
• Young stars in Epsilon Cha and their disks: disk evolution in sparse associations
• On the interplay between flaring and shadowing in disks around Herbig Ae/Be stars
• Is the silicate emission feature only influenced by grain size?
• Submillimetre-sized dust aggregate collision and growth properties
• Dust Transport and Processing in Centrifugally Driven Protoplanetary Disk Winds
• VLTI/MIDI atlas of disks around low- and intermediate-mass young stellar objects
• Evolution of the Solar Nebula. IX. Gradients in the Spatial Heterogeneity of the Short-Lived Radioisotopes ${}^{60}$Fe and ${}^{26}$Al and the Stable Oxygen Isotopes
• Sub-Keplerian accretion onto circumstellar disks
• Dust properties and disk structure of evolved protoplanetary disks in Cep OB2: Grain growth, settling, gas and dust mass, and inside-out evolution
• The PDS 66 Circumstellar Disk as seen in Polarized Light with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Structure and Composition of Two Transitional Circumstellar Disks in Corona Australis
• Probing dynamical processes in the planet forming region with dust mineralogy
• Do we really know the dust? Systematics and uncertainties of the mid-infrared spectral analysis methods
• The discovery of new warm debris disks around F-type stars
• GW Ori: Inner disk readjustments in a triple system
• On water delivery in the inner solar nebula: Monte Carlo simulations of forsterite hydration
• What happened before? -- The disks around the precursors of young Herbig Ae/Be stars
• Dust mineralogy and variability of the inner PDS 70 disk
• MBM 12: young protoplanetary discs at high galactic latitude
• A "Rosetta Stone" for protoplanetary disks: The synergy of multi-wavelength observations
• Dust amorphization in protoplanetary disks
• The ALMA view of MP Mus (PDS 66): a protoplanetary disk with no visible gaps down to 4 au scales
• The radial distribution of dust species in young brown dwarf disks
• Spitzer IRS Spectroscopy of the 10 Myr-old EF Cha Debris Disk: Evidence for Phyllosilicate-Rich Dust in the Terrestrial Zone
• Shadows, gaps, and ring-like structures in protoplanetary disks
• Earth and Mars -- distinct inner Solar System products
• Silicate clouds and a circumplanetary disk in the YSES-1 exoplanet system
• The $Spitzer$ infrared spectrograph survey of protoplanetary disks in Orion A: I. disk properties
• Silicate Evolution in Brown Dwarf Disks
• 2D condensation model for the inner Solar Nebula: an enstatite-rich environment
• The Herschel/PACS view of disks around low-mass stars in Chamaleon-I
• Spectral evolution and radial dust transport in the prototype young eruptive system EX Lup
• Size and density sorting of dust grains in SPH simulations of protoplanetary discs
• Dust Settling in Magnetorotationally-Driven Turbulent Discs II: The Pervasiveness of the Streaming Instability and its Consequences
• Observational Constraints on the Stellar Radiation Field Impinging on Transitional Disk Atmospheres
• A homogeneous analysis of disks around brown dwarfs
• The Structure of the β Leonis Debris Disk
• The protoplanetary disk of FT Tauri: multi-wavelength data analysis and modeling
• Multiwavelength interferometric observations and modeling of circumstellar disks
• Outward Motion of Porous Dust Aggregates by Stellar Radiation Pressure in Protoplanetary Disks
• The Physical Structure of Protoplanetary Disks: the Serpens Cluster Compared with Other Regions
• The effect of the regular solution model in the condensation of protoplanetary dust
• Complex Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Shells of Lithium-rich K Giant Stars
• Mid-IR observations of circumstellar disks -- Part III: A mixed sample of PMS stars and Vega-type objects
• Spatial distribution of crystalline silicates in protoplanetary disks: How to interpret mid-infrared observations
• Optical properties of cosmic dust analogs: A review
• Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Components in Chondrites: Search for Processed Materials in Young Solar Systems and Comets
• ISM Dust Grains and N-band Spectral Variability in the Spatially Resolved Subarcsecond Binary UY Aur
• A Spitzer IRS Survey of NGC 1333: Insights into disk evolution from a very young cluster
• The mid-IR water and silicate relation in protoplanetary disks
• Dust mass in protoplanetary disks with porous dust opacities
• High-energy velocity tails in uniformly heated granular materials
• A systematic search for the spectra with features of crystalline silicates in the Spitzer IRS Enhanced Products
• Imaging of exocomets with infrared interferometry
• Mid-infrared observations of the circumstellar disks around PDS 66 and CRBR 2422.8-3423
• Multi-Particle Collisions in Microgravity: Coefficient of Restitution and Sticking Threshold for Systems of Mm-Sized Particles
• Laser-induced fragmentation of coronene cations
• Turbulent Transport of Dust Particles in Protostellar Disks: The Effect of Upstream Diffusion
• A transitional disk around an intermediate mass star in the sparse population of the Orion OB1 Association
• Oxygen Isotopic Composition of an Enstatite Ribbon of Probable Cometary Origin
• Spatially resolving the chemical composition of the planet building blocks
• A Shocking Solar Nebula?
• Confirmation of a ring structure in the disk around MP Mus (PDS 66) with ALMA Band 7 observations
• Circumstellar Disk Evolution: Constraining Theories of Planet Formation
• Modelling the mid-infrared polarization in dust around young stars
• Chemical evolution of a protoplanetary disk
• Silicate features in the circumstellar envelopes of the Class~I binary driving source of HH250
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry
• MINDS survey of silicates in T Tauri disks: Correlation between dust and gas
• Chemistry in protoplanetary disks (short review in Russian)
• MINDS: The very low-mass star and brown dwarf sample II. Probing disk settling, dust properties, and dust-gas interplay with JWST/MIRI