Origin and Propagation of Extremely High Energy Cosmic Rays

Abstract

Cosmic ray particles with energies in excess of 10**(20) eV have been detected. The sources as well as the physical mechanism(s) responsible for endowing cosmic ray particles with such enormous energies are unknown. This report gives a review of the physics and astrophysics associated with the questions of origin and propagation of these Extremely High Energy (EHE) cosmic rays in the Universe. After a brief review of the observed cosmic rays in general and their possible sources and acceleration mechanisms, a detailed discussion is given of possible "top-down" (non-acceleration) scenarios of origin of EHE cosmic rays through decay of sufficiently massive particles originating from processes in the early Universe. The massive particles can come from collapse and/or annihilation of cosmic topological defects (such as monopoles, cosmic strings, etc.) associated with Grand Unified Theories or they could be some long-lived metastable supermassive relic particles that were created in the early Universe and are decaying in the current epoch. The highest energy end of the cosmic ray spectrum can thus be used as a probe of new fundamental physics beyond Standard Model. We discuss the role of existing and proposed cosmic ray, gamma-ray and neutrino experiments in this context. We also discuss how observations with next generation experiments of images and spectra of EHE cosmic ray sources can be used to obtain new information on Galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields and possibly their origin.

148 latex pages in tight format, 30 postscript-files and two gif-files for fig4.14 and fig4.15 included, uses epsf.sty. Considerably updated version of review to appear in Physics Reports. Links and color ps version of fig4.14 and fig4.15 at http://astro.uchicago.edu/home/web/sigl/physrep.html

References in corpus (181)

• The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
• Evidence for oscillation of atmospheric neutrinos
• Phenomenology, Astrophysics and Cosmology of Theories with Sub-Millimeter Dimensions and TeV Scale Quantum Gravity
• Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Fireball Model
• Potential Sensitivity of Gamma-Ray Burster Observations to Wave Dispersion in Vacuo
• Cosmic strings
• High-Energy Tests of Lorentz Invariance
• High Energy Neutrinos from Cosmological Gamma-Ray Burst Fireballs
• High Energy Neutrinos from Astrophysical Sources: An Upper Bound
• COSMOLOGICAL GAMMA RAY BURSTS AND THE HIGHEST ENERGY COSMIC RAYS
• Extension of the Cosmic-Ray Energy Spectrum Beyond the Predicted Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min Cutoff
• On the acceleration of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays in Gamma Ray Bursts
• Neutrino Interactions at Ultrahigh Energies
• Particle Physics with High Energy Neutrinos
• Superheavy dark matter
• Detecting Tau Neutrino Oscillations at PeV Energies
• Detecting Nutau Oscillations as PeV Energies
• Small-scale anisotropy of cosmic rays above 10^19eV observed with the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array
• Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density of the Universe
• Discovery of a magnetar associated with the Soft Gamma Repeater SGR 1900+14
• Ultra-high energy cosmic rays without GZK cutoff
• SN1987A Constraints on Large Compact Dimensions
• Constraints on a Primordial Magnetic Field
• Photohadronic Neutrinos from Transients in Astrophysical Sources
• Nonthermal Supermassive Dark Matter
• Experimental Status of Gravitational-Strength Forces in the Sub-Centimeter Regime
• Clusters of Galaxies as a Storage Room for Cosmic Rays
• Cosmological Magnetic Fields Limits in an Inhomogeneous Universe
• Ultrahigh energy neutrino scattering onto relic light neutrinos in galactic halo as a possible source of highest energy extragalactic cosmic rays
• Energy spectra of cosmic rays accelerated at ultrarelativistic shock waves
• Propagation of Ultra High Energy Protons over Cosmological Distances and Implications for Topological Defect Models
• Cosmic Ray Neutrino Annihilation on Relic Neutrinos Revisited: A Mechanism for Generating Air Showers above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin Cut-off
• Invariance Violation Extends the Cosmic Ray Horizon ?
• Radio to Gamma-Ray Emission from Shell-type Supernova Remnants: Predictions from Non-linear Shock Acceleration Models
• Extremely high energy cosmic rays from relic particle decays
• Tau Neutrino Appearance with a 1000 Megaparsec Baseline
• Cosmological Origin for Cosmic Rays Above $10^{19}$ eV
• Microwave Background Signals from Tangled Magnetic Fields
• Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray acceleration by relativistic blast waves
• Possible association of ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray events with strong gamma-ray bursts
• A new estimate of the extragalactic radio background and implications for ultra-high-energy gamma-ray propagation
• Ultra high energy cosmic rays and the large scale structure of the galactic magnetic field
• On the detection of Ultra High Energy Neutrinos with the Auger Observatory
• The Gamma-Ray Background from Blazars: A New Look
• The Anisotropy of Cosmic Ray Arrival Direction around 10^18eV
• The Anisotropy of Cosmic Ray Arrival Directions around 10${}^{18}$eV
• In Search of a Source for the 320 Eev Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray
• Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays, Superheavy Long-Living Particles, and Matter Creation after Inflation
• Some Remarks on Theories with Large Compact Dimensions and TeV-Scale Quantum Gravity
• Neutrino Fluxes from Active Galaxies: a Model-Independent Analysis
• The arrival directions of the most energetic cosmic rays
• Constraints on the VHE Emissivity of the Universe from the Diffuse GeV Gamma-Ray Background
• Particle acceleration and relativistic shocks
• Cosmic Necklaces and Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays
• Cosmic Vortons and Particle Physics Constraints
• Gamma-ray production in supernova remnants
• An Empirically Based Calculation of the Extragalactic Infrared Background
• Extremely High Energy Neutrinos, Neutrino Hot Dark Matter, and the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
• Signatures of Topological Defects
• Direct collider signatures of large extra dimensions
• High Energy Gamma Rays from Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays in Gamma Ray Bursts
• Ultra high energy neutrinos from gamma ray bursts
• On the Propagation of Extragalactic High Energy Cosmic and Gamma-Rays
• On the Origin of Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
• Natural Candidates for Superheavy Dark Matter in String and M Theory
• Detecting Gluino-Containing Hadrons
• Images of Bursting Sources of High-Energy Cosmic Rays. I: Effects of Magnetic Fields
• Correlation between Compact Radio Quasars and Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Extremely High Energy Neutrinos and their Detection
• Scaling and Small Scale Structure in Cosmic String Networks
• Limits on the Isotropic Diffuse Flux of Ultrahigh Energy Gamma-Radiation
• Strongly Interacting Neutrinos and the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
• Contributions to the Cosmic Ray Flux above the Ankle: Clusters of Galaxies
• On photohadronic processes in astrophysical environments
• Nucleon Decay in a Realistic SO(10) SUSY GUT
• Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy
• Magnetic Monopoles as the Highest Energy Cosmic Ray Primaries
• Probing Grand Unified Theories with Cosmic Ray, Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Astrophysics
• Possible Production of High-Energy Gamma Rays from Proton Acceleration in the Extragalactic Radio Source Markarian 501
• HELIUM PHOTODISINTEGRATION AND NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR TOPOLOGICAL DEFECTS, HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS, AND MASSIVE BLACK HOLES
• Cosmic rays from remnants of quasars?
• New Limits to the IR Background: Bounds on Radiative Neutrino Decay and on VMO Contributions to the Dark Matter Problem
• Performance of the Stereoscopic System of the HEGRA Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes: Monte Carlo Simulations & Observations
• Very Strong TeV Emission as Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
• Cosmological Neutrino Signatures for Grand Unification Scale Physics
• Penetration of the Earth by ultrahigh energy neutrinos predicted by low x QCD
• First-order nonthermal phase transition after preheating
• Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Propagation in the Local Supercluster
• Electromagnetic Cascades and Cascade Nucleosynthesis in the Early Universe
• Monopole Annihilation and Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
• The form of cosmic string cusps
• The Signature of a Correlation between $>10^{19}\mathrm{eV}$ Cosmic Ray Sources and Large Scale Structure
• A Magnetized Local Supercluster and the Origin of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
• Dynamical QCD Predictions for Ultrahigh Energy Neutrino Cross Sections
• Bounds on Long-Lived Relics from Diffuse Gamma Ray Observations
• Neutrino Propagation Through Matter
• Neutrino-photon reactions in astrophysics and cosmology
• Calculation of the emergent spectrum and observation of primordial black holes
• The Extremely High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Highest-energy cosmic rays from Fermi-degenerate relic neutrinos consistent with Super-Kamiokande results
• Delayed GeV--TeV Photons from Gamma-Ray Bursts Producing High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• GeV Photons from Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays accelerated in Gamma Ray Bursts
• Ultra-high energy cosmic ray sources and large scale magnetic fields
• The Phenomenology of SUSY models with a Gluino LSP
• TeV Burst of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Spectral universality of strong shocks accelerating charged particles
• Galactic Anisotropy as Signature of ``Top-Down'' Mechanisms of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Photon-neutrino interactions
• Vorton Formation
• Neutrino Absorption Tomography of the Earth's Interior using Isotropic Ultra-high Energy Flux
• Exotic massive hadrons and ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• Constraints on the Production of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays by Isolated Neutron Stars
• Dark matter halos and the anisotropy of ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• Possible manifestation of heavy stable colored particles in cosmology and cosmic rays
• Testing Supergravity Grand Unification at Future Accelerator and Underground Experiments
• High Energy Particles from Monopoles Connected by Strings
• Deflection of ultra high energy cosmic rays by the galactic magnetic field: from the sources to the detector
• Cosmic Rays From Cosmic Strings
• Extragalactic Magnetic Field and the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
• Cut-offs and pile-ups in shock acceleration spectra
• Limiting SUSY-QCD spectrum and its application for decays of superheavy particles
• A Study of Cosmic Ray Composition in the Knee Region using Multiple Muon Events in the Soudan 2 Detector
• Long Lived Superheavy Dark Matter with Discrete Gauge Symmetries
• Possible Test for the Suggestion that Air Showers with $E>10^{20}$ eV are due to Strongly Interacting Neutrinos
• Cosmological Implications of a Possible Class of Particles Able to Travel Faster than Light
• Anisotropy of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays in the Dark Matter Halo Model
• Limits on Cosmic Chiral Vortons
• Ultra-high energy LSP
• A Break in the Highest Energy Cosmic Ray Spectrum: A Signature of New Physics?
• A High Statistics Search for Ultra-High Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from Cygnus X-3 and Hercules X-1
• Limits on Topological Defect Neutrino fluxes from Horizontal Air Shower measurements
• On the energy of neutrinos from gamma ray bursts
• Non-Diffusive Propagation of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Detection of Gamma-Ray Bursts in the 1 GeV - 1 TeV energy range by ground based experiments
• Comment on "On the Origin of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays"
• Comparison of Optical, Radio, and Acoustical Detectors for Ultrahigh-Energy Neutrinos
• Cosmic Rays from Decaying Vortons
• On the Origin of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
• Search for Light Gluinos via the Spontaneous Appearance of pi+pi- Pairs with an 800 GeV/c Proton Beam at Fermilab
• Can high energy cosmic rays be vortons ?
• A Search for Light Super Symmetric Baryons
• The Highest Energy Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics
• Maximum Likelihood Analysis of Clusters of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays
• TeV and Superheavy Mass-Scale Particles from Supersymmetric Topological Defects, the Extragalactic Gamma-ray Background, and the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
• A New Measurement of Cosmic Ray Composition at the Knee
• The photodisintegration of cosmic ray nuclei by solar photons: the Gerasimova-Zatsepin effect revisted
• Implications for the Cosmic Ray Spectrum of a Negative Electron Neutrino (Mass)^2
• The energy spectrum observed by the AGASA experiment and the spatial distribution of the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• On the significance of the observed clustering of ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• Changes of the cosmic-ray mass composition in the 10^{14} - 10^{16} eV energy range
• Reconstruction of Source and Cosmic Magnetic Field Characteristics from Clusters of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Microwave Background Anisotropies Due to the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect of the Lyman-alpha Forest
• Is there a 4.5 PeV neutron line in the cosmic ray spectrum?
• Gamma-Ray Bursts, Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays, and Cosmic Gamma-Ray Background
• The Inverse-Compton And Extragalactic Components Of The Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission
• Comment on "Correlation between Compact Radio Lout Quasars and Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays"
• Effect of the 3K background radiation on ultrahigh energy cosmic rays
• LiBeB, Cosmic Rays and Gamma-Ray Line Astronomy
• Detection of Atmospheric Cherenkov Radiation Using Solar Heliostat Mirrors
• How Efficient Is The Langacker-Pi Mechanism of Monopole Annihilation?
• Reply to "Comment on `Correlation between Compact Radio Quasars and Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays'"
• Cosmic Topological Defects, Highest Energy Cosmic Rays, and the Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe
• The origin of cosmic rays
• How degenerate can cosmological neutrinos be?
• Are High Energy Cosmic Rays Magnetic Monopoles?
• Gamma Rays from Superheavy Relic Particles in the Halo
• Perturbative description of particle spectra at LEP-1.5
• On the disintegration of cosmic ray nuclei by solar photons
• High Harmonic Configurations of Cosmic Strings: An Analysis of Self-Intersections
• On the Injection Energy Distibution of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• Study of the Correlations Between the Highest Energy Cosmic Ray Showers and Gamma Ray Bursts
• A Bound on Violations of Lorentz Invariance
• Implications of a Possible Clustering of Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
• Ultra-High Energy Neutrino-Nucleon Cross Section and Radiative Corrections
• Monopole annihilation at the electroweak scale---Not!
• Longevity and Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays
• Resonant conversions of extremely high energy neutrinos in dark matter halos
• Superheavy Dark Matter and Thermal Inflation
• Are we seeing magnetic monopole cosmic rays at $E\gsim 10^{20}$ eV?
• Gamma Rays from Small Scale Structures on Long Cosmic Strings
• Prototype Detector for Ultrahigh Energy Neutrino Detection

Cited by in corpus (394)

• Cosmic rays in galaxy clusters and their non-thermal emission
• Particle acceleration by ultra-relativistic shocks: theory and simulations
• The Astrophysics of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays
• Measurements of the Cosmic Ray Composition with Air Shower Experiments
• Neutrinos from propagation of ultra-high energy protons
• High-energy Neutrino Astronomy: The Cosmic Ray Connection
• Correlation of the highest-energy cosmic rays with the positions of nearby active galactic nuclei
• Cosmic Rays from the Knee to the Highest Energies
• Large parallel cosmic string simulations: New results on loop production
• Upper limit on the cosmic-ray photon flux above 10^19 eV using the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• The Origin of the Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background and Implications for Dark-Matter Annihilation
• Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays from Young Neutron Star Winds
• Tau Neutrinos in the Auger Observatory : A New Window to UHECR Sources
• Dynamical parton distributions of the nucleon and very small-x physics
• Constraints from the first LHC data on hadronic event generators for ultra-high energy cosmic-ray physics
• Constraints on cosmic string tension imposed by the limit on the stochastic gravitational wave background from the European Pulsar Timing Array
• Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Probes of Large Scale Structure and Magnetic Fields
• Ultra-High Energy Neutrino Fluxes and Their Constraints
• On the Evolution of Abelian-Higgs String Networks
• Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays
• Cosmic neutrino cascades from secret neutrino interactions
• Gamma-ray Constraints on Decaying Dark Matter and Implications for IceCube
• Beyond the Standard Models with Cosmic Strings
• Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• The spectrum of particles accelerated in relativistic, collisionless shocks
• Propagation of ultra-high energy protons in the nearby universe
• Upper limit on the cosmic-ray photon fraction at EeV energies from the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Limit on the diffuse flux of ultra-high energy tau neutrinos with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Radio-Detection Signature of High Energy Cosmic Rays by the CODALEMA Experiment
• Astrophysical Origins of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays
• Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays: The state of the art before the Auger Observatory
• Cosmogenic Neutrinos from the propagation of Ultra High Energy Nuclei
• Ultra-High Energy Neutrino Fluxes: New Constraints and Implications
• Cosmic Rays Above the Second Knee from Clusters of Galaxies and Associated High-Energy Neutrino Emission
• Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: The theoretical challenge
• BL Lacertae are probable sources of the observed ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• Constraining Very Heavy Dark Matter Using Diffuse Backgrounds of Neutrinos and Cascaded Gamma Rays
• An upper limit to the photon fraction in cosmic rays above 10^19 eV from the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Cosmogenic Neutrinos from Ultra-High Energy Nuclei
• Gravitational Waves from Broken Cosmic Strings: The Bursts and the Beads
• Newly-born pulsars as sources of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays
• Supermassive black holes as possible sources of ultra high energy cosmic rays
• Tracing protons through the Galactic magnetic field: a clue for charge composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• GZK Photons as Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays in a Structured and Magnetized Universe
• CMB power spectra from cosmic strings: predictions for the Planck satellite and beyond
• Fluxes of cosmic rays: A delicately balanced stationary state
• Seeking String Theory in the Cosmos
• Ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray bounds on nonbirefringent modified-Maxwell theory
• Neutrino Clustering in Cold Dark Matter Halos : Implications for Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
• On the statistical significance of the GZK feature in the spectrum of ultra high energy cosmic rays
• Neutrino cross sections at high energies and the future observations of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays
• Search for ultra-high energy photons using air showers
• Production of massive stable particles in inflaton decay
• Super-GZK Photons from Photon-Axion Mixing
• Neutrino Bounds on Astrophysical Sources and New Physics
• Transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays
• Particle acceleration in astrophysical jets
• Vacuum Cherenkov radiation in spacelike Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory
• Neutrino Detection with Inclined Air Showers
• Monte Carlo simulation for jet fragmentation in SUSY-QCD
• An extremely energetic cosmic ray observed by a surface detector array
• A search for ultra-high energy neutrinos in highly inclined events at the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Determination of absolute neutrino masses from Z-bursts
• Astrophysical Limits on Massive Dark Matter
• Search for Point-Like Sources of Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos at the Pierre Auger Observatory and Improved Limit on the Diffuse Flux of Tau Neutrinos
• Status of Searches for Magnetic Monopoles
• Searching for a Correlation Between Cosmic-Ray Sources Above 10^{19} eV and Large-Scale Structure
• Calculation Methods for Radio Pulses from High Energy Showers
• High energy cosmic-rays from gamma-ray burst sources: A stronger case
• Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays from Neutrino Emitting Acceleration Sources?
• Large-scale magnetic field generation via the kinetic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in unmagnetized scenarios
• Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays from Compact Sources
• Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays: A Probe of Physics and Astrophysics at Extreme Energies
• Optimal Radio Window for the Detection of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos off the Moon
• Detailed analysis of the decay spectrum of a super-heavy X particle
• Cosmic Neutrinos and New Physics beyond the Electroweak Scale
• Trans-Planckian Particle Creation in Cosmology and Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays
• The Small Scale Anisotropies, the Spectrum and the Sources of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Ultra-high energy cosmic rays from annihilation of superheavy dark matter
• Upper limit on the ultra-high-energy photon flux from AGASA and Yakutsk data
• Production of ultra-energetic cosmic rays through the decay of super-heavy X particles
• Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Neutrinos: the Key to UHE Cosmic Rays
• Earth-skimming UHE Tau Neutrinos at the Fluorescence Detector of Pierre Auger Observatory
• The GZK Feature in our Neighborhood of the Universe
• The Case for a Low Extragalactic Gamma-ray Background
• Upper limit on the photon fraction in highest-energy cosmic rays from AGASA data
• Gamma-Ray Constraints on Maximum Cosmogenic Neutrino Fluxes and UHECR Source Evolution Models
• TeV black hole fragmentation and detectability in extensive air showers
• UHECR propagation in the Galaxy: clustering versus isotropy
• Particle emission and gravitational radiation from cosmic strings: observational constraints
• Absolute Neutrino Mass Determination
• Relic neutrino masses and the highest energy cosmic rays
• First LIGO search for gravitational wave bursts from cosmic (super)strings
• Evolution of black hole shadow in the presence of ultralight bosons
• CRPropa: A Numerical Tool for the Propagation of UHE Cosmic Rays, Gamma-rays and Neutrinos
• Magnetic field evolution in interacting galaxies
• Small Scale Clustering in the Isotropic Arrival Distribution of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays and Implications for Their Source Candidates
• Ultrahigh Energy Neutrinos at the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Cosmic Ray Acceleration by Spiral Shocks in the Galactic Wind
• Fermionic vacuum polarization by a cylindrical boundary in the cosmic string spacetime
• Ultrahigh energy neutrino interactions and weak-scale string theories
• The Heraklion Extragalactic Catalogue (HECATE): a value-added galaxy catalogue for multi-messenger astrophysics
• Simulation of Ultra-High Energy Photon Propagation in the Geomagnetic Field
• Grand Unification Signal from Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays?
• Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory
• In-Situ Particle Acceleration in Extragalactic Radio Hot Spots: Observations Meet Expectations
• Ultrahigh-Energy Photons as a Probe of Nearby Transient Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic-Ray Sources and Possible Lorentz-Invariance Violation
• Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics
• On the size of the smallest scales in cosmic string networks
• High Energy Physics in the Atmosphere: Phenomenology of Cosmic Ray Air Showers
• Ultra-High Energy Heavy Nuclei Propagation in Extragalactic Magnetic Fields
• Cosmic rays in galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields
• Gravitational Radiation and the Small-Scale Structure of Cosmic Strings
• Constraints on the flux of primary cosmic-ray photons at energies E > 10^18 eV from Yakutsk muon data
• Cosmological Magnetic Fields from Primordial Helical Seeds
• Air fluorescence measurements in the spectral range 300-420 nm using a 28.5 GeV electron beam
• High-Energy Emission Induced by Ultra-High-Energy Photons as a Probe of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic-Ray Accelerators Embedded in the Cosmic Web
• Cosmic Ray Astronomy
• Strangelets as Cosmic Rays beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin Cutoff
• Cosmic Physics: The High Energy Frontier
• Ultrahigh Energy Nuclei Propagation in a Structured, Magnetized Universe
• Large scale magnetic fields from gravitationally coupled electrodynamics
• Electron-scale shear instabilities: magnetic field generation and particle acceleration in astrophysical jets
• Ultra-High Energy Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering and Parton Distributions at Small $x$
• On weak redshift dependence of gamma-ray spectra of distant blazars
• Cosmic Rays and the Search for a Lorentz Invariance Violation
• Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Signal from Nuclear Photodisintegration as a Probe of Extragalactic Sources of Ultrahigh-Energy Nuclei
• Propagation of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays above $10^{19}$ eV in a Structured Extragalactic Magnetic Field and Galactic Magnetic Field
• A Monte Carlo Bayesian Search for the Plausible Source of the Telescope Array Hotspot
• Extensive air showers with TeV-scale quantum gravity
• Astrophysical sources of high energy neutrinos
• Testing the Correlation of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays with High Redshift Sources
• Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos: A Review of Theoretical and Phenomenological Issues
• Cosmic Rays from Cosmic Strings with Condensates
• Cosmic Magnetic Fields and Their Influence on Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Propagation
• On the non-thermal high energy radiation of galaxy clusters
• Sensitivity of cosmic-ray experiments to ultra-high-energy photons: reconstruction of the spectrum and limits on the superheavy dark matter
• Photon Neutrino Scattering in Non-Commutative Space
• An Auger test of the Cen A model of highest energy cosmic rays
• IceHEP High Energy Physics at the South Pole
• Neutrinos Associated With Cosmic Rays of Top-Down Origin
• Vacuum Polarization of a Charged Massless Scalar Field on Cosmic String Spacetime in the Presence of a Magnetic Field
• Axion-like particles as ultra high energy cosmic rays?
• Multi-messenger constraints on Abelian-Higgs cosmic string networks
• Fermionic current induced by magnetic flux in compactified cosmic string spacetime
• Multi-Messenger Physics with the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: propagation in the Galaxy and anisotropy
• Cosmic absorption of ultra high energy particles
• String Vertex Operators and Cosmic Strings
• Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and Gamma-Ray Constraints on Cosmic Strings with a large Higgs condensate
• Centaurus A as the Source of ultra-high energy cosmic rays?
• Fermionic vacuum polarization in compactified cosmic string spacetime
• Revealing the Production Mechanism of High-Energy Neutrinos from NGC 1068
• Extra galactic sources of high energy neutrinos
• Topological Casimir effect in compactified cosmic string spacetime
• Large Scale Magnetic Fields and the Number of Cosmic Ray Sources above 10^(19) eV
• High Energy Neutrino, Photon and Cosmic Ray Fluxes from VHS Cosmic Strings
• Constraints on the origin of the ultra-high energy cosmic-rays using cosmic diffuse neutrino flux limits: An analytical approach
• Probing Neutrino Dark Energy with Extremely High-Energy Cosmic Neutrinos
• Induced fermionic current densities by magnetic flux in higher dimensional cosmic string spacetime
• The aperture for UHE tau neutrinos of the Auger fluorescence detector using a Digital Elevation Map
• Decaying Superheavy Dark Matter and Subgalactic Structure of the Universe
• Primordial bound systems of superheavy particles as the source of ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from the Radio Lobes of AGNs
• GZK Photons Above 10 EeV
• Vacuum polarization by a flat boundary in cosmic string spacetime
• UHE neutrinos from superconducting cosmic strings
• Implications to Sources of Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays from their Arrival Distribution
• Characteristics of air showers created by extremely high energy gamma-rays
• Does Galactic Magnetic Field Disturb the Correlation of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays with their Sources?
• Diffuse TeV Emission at the Galactic Centre
• Is the diffuse gamma background radiation generated by galactic cosmic rays?
• Ultra-High Energy Gamma Rays in Geomagnetic Field and Atmosphere
• Scrutinizing FR 0 Radio Galaxies as Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Ray Source Candidates
• Massive Compact Halo Objects from the Relics of the Cosmic Quark-Hadron Transition
• Ultra-high energy cosmic rays may come from clustered sources
• Vacuum polarization induced by a cosmic string in anti-de Sitter spacetime
• Gravitational wave search through electromagnetic telescopes
• Saturation Physics in Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: Heavy Quark Production
• New hadrons as ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• Extensive Air Showers from Ultra High Energy Gluinos
• Cosmic String Cusps with Small-Scale Structure: Their Forms and Gravitational Waveforms
• On ultra high energy cosmic rays and their resultant gamma rays
• Global anisotropy of arrival directions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays: capabilities of space-based detectors
• Monopole annihilation in cosmic necklaces
• Vacuum Polarization of a Charged Massless Fermionic Field by a Magnetic Flux in the Cosmic String Spacetime
• Constraints on the Local Sources of Ultra High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• Starburst and post-starburst high-redshift protogalaxies: The feedback impact of high energy cosmic rays
• Ionization history of the Universe as a test for Super Heavy Dark Matter particles
• Limits to gauge coupling in the dark sector set by the non-observation of instanton-induced decay of Super-Heavy Dark Matter in the Pierre Auger Observatory data
• High energy cosmic-rays: puzzles, models, and giga-ton neutrino telescopes
• Exotic Hybrid Quark Potentials
• Multi-collision internal shock lepto-hadronic models for energetic GRBs
• Gamma-ray bursts: Potential sources of ultra high energy cosmic-rays
• SUSY In The Sky: Observing Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Neutralinos
• Nearby quasar remnants and ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• Magnetized Sources of Ultra-high Energy Nuclei and Extragalactic Origin of the Ankle
• Non-Universal Spectra of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Primaries and Secondaries in a Structured Universe
• The gluon condensation at high energy hadron collisions
• Characteristics of geomagnetic cascading of ultra-high energy photons at the southern and northern sites of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Gamma-Ray Bursts and Magnetars as Possible Sources of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: Correlation of Cosmic Ray Event Positions with IRAS Galaxies
• An Analysis of the Time-Dependent CP Asymmetry in $B\to \pi \pi$ Decays in the Standard Model
• Gravireggeons in Extra Dimensions and Interaction of Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Neutrinos with Nucleons
• Current-carrying cosmic string loops 3D simulation: towards a reduction of the vorton excess problem
• Cosmic UHE Neutrino Signatures
• Vacuum polarization in high-dimensional AdS spacetime in the presence of a cosmic string and compactified extra dimension
• High energy cosmic rays
• Propagation of UHECRs from the Sources in the Super-Galactic Plane
• Violation of Lorentz Invariance and neutral component of UHECR
• Gravitational Wave Bursts from Cosmic Superstring Reconnections
• Bounds on Relic Neutrino Masses in the Z-burst Model
• High-Energy and Ultra-High-Energy Neutrinos from Primordial Black Holes
• Fermionic vacuum polarization by a cosmic string in anti-de Sitter spacetime
• Footprints of Super-GZK Cosmic Rays in the Pilliga State Forest
• The Enigma of the Highest Energy Particles of Nature
• Induced fermionic current by a magnetic tube in the cosmic spacetime
• Cosmic ray ensembles as signatures of ultra-high energy photons interacting with the solar magnetic field
• UHECR mass composition at highest energies from anisotropy of their arrival directions
• Leptogenesis from reheating after inflation and cosmic string decay
• Full-Sky Search for Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray Anisotropies
• Ultra High Energy Neutrinos in the Mediterranean: detecting nu_tau and nu_mu with a km^3 Telescope
• Extragalactic Sources for Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray Nuclei
• A Search for Correlation of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays with IRAS-PSCz and 2MASS-6dF Galaxies
• Fermionic vacuum polarization by a cosmic string in de Sitter spacetime
• Isotropization of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Arrival Directions by Radio Ghosts
• Constraints on the proton fraction of cosmic rays at the highest energies and the consequences for cosmogenic neutrinos and photons
• Emission of Positron Annihilation Line Radiation by Clusters of Galaxies
• Estimate of the fraction of primary photons in the cosmic-ray flux at energies ~10^17 eV from the EAS-MSU experiment data
• Diffusive Cosmic Ray Acceleration at the Galactic Centre
• Instant preheating mechanism and UHECR
• Induced fermionic currents in de Sitter spacetime in the presence of a compactified cosmic string
• A lower bound on the local extragalactic magnetic field
• Neutrinos produced by ultrahigh-energy photons at high red shift
• Photon air showers at ultra-high energy and the photonuclear cross-section
• Cosmic ray acceleration at supergalactic accretion shocks: a new upper energy limit due to a finite shock extension
• Towards a model of population of astrophysical sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays
• On the acceleration of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• The evolution of cosmic ray electrons in the cosmic web: seeding by AGN, star formation and shocks
• B-L Cosmic strings and Baryogenesis
• Anisotropy at the end of the cosmic ray spectrum?
• A Model of Quark and Lepton Masses I: The Neutrino Sector
• Sensitivity of the Auger Observatory to ultra high energy photon composition through inclined showers
• Neutrinoless double beta decay, solar neutrinos and mass scales
• Magnetic Monopoles with Wilson loops on a 5D Orbifold
• Non-extensivity Effects and the Highest Energy Cosmic Ray Affair
• Superradiant Instability of Magnetic Black Holes
• The influence of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays on star formation in the early universe
• Signatures of cosmic tau-neutrinos
• PeV Gamma Rays from Interactions of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays in the Milky Way
• UHECR: Signatures and Models
• Nonrelativistic Quantum Analysis of the Charged Particle-Dyon System on a Conical Spacetime
• A self-consistent interpretation of the GeV-TeV emission from a distant blazar PKS 1424+240
• Clustering in Highest Energy Cosmic Rays: Physics or Statistics?
• Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays and de Sitter Vacua
• Simulations for a next-generation UHECR observatory
• Dark Matter from Decaying Topological Defects
• Nucleon and $\Delta$ isobar in a strong magnetic field
• Quantum gravity phenomenology at the dawn of the multi-messenger era -- A review
• Ultra-high energy cosmic rays, cosmological constant, and $\theta$-vacua
• Testing the isotropy of high energy cosmic rays using spherical needlets
• Induced fermionic current in AdS spacetime in the presence of a cosmic string and a compactified dimension
• NLO corrections to ultra-high energy neutrino-nucleon scattering, shadowing and small x
• UHECR as Decay Products of Heavy Relics? The Lifetime Problem
• Determination of the Cosmic-Ray Chemical Composition: Open Issues and Prospects
• Anisotropies of Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays Dominated by a Single Source in the Presence of Deflections
• Improving photon-hadron discrimination based on cosmic ray surface detector data
• Neutrino astronomy and gamma-ray bursts
• Fermionic vacuum polarization by a magnetic tube in the cosmic string spacetime
• Origin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays in the era of Auger and Telescope Array
• Detection of Exotic Massive Hadrons in Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray Telescopes
• Measuring the BFKL Pomeron in Neutrino Telescopes
• On the nature of cosmic rays above the Greisen--Zatsepin--Kuz'min cut off
• Search for point sources of ultra-high energy photons with the Telescope Array surface detector
• Mass composition of cosmic rays determined by muon fraction with ${\epsilon }_{thr.}\ge$ 1 GeV in air showers with energy greater than 5 EeV
• Decay of Super-Heavy particles: User guide of the SHdecay program
• Dark Matter with Topological Defects in the Inert Doublet Model
• Influence of cosmological models on the GZK horizon of ultrahigh energy protons
• The Mysterious Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Clustering
• SUSY Resonances from UHE neutralinos in Neutrino Telescopes and in the Sky
• Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray, Superheavy Dark Matter and Extra Dimension
• Cosmic Super-Strings and Kaluza-Klein Modes
• Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory: status and perspectives
• Predictions for the flux of high-energy cosmogenic neutrinos and the influence of the extragalactic magnetic field
• Neutrinos and the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
• Acceptance of fluorescence detectors and its implication in energy spectrum inference at the highest energies
• Parton content of the real photon: astrophysical implications
• Bursts from the very early universe
• Neutrino Production in Electromagnetic Cascades: An extra component of cosmogenic neutrino at ultrahigh energies
• Two-stage acceleration of interstellar ions due to the interaction of high-energy lepton plasma flow
• Auger : A Large Air Shower Array and Neutrino Telescope
• A pot of gold at the end of the cosmic "raynbow"?
• Status of the Yakutsk air shower array and future plans
• Induced Fermionic vacuum polarization in dS spacetime with a compactified cosmic string
• Cosmic ray threshold in an asymptotically dS spacetime
• Probing Very High Energy Prompt Muon and Neutrino fluxes and the cosmic ray knee via Underground Muons
• Chiral Symmetry and the Cosmological Constant
• Magnetic flux in the vacuum of quantum bosonic matter in the cosmic string background
• Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Nuclei from Individual Magnetized Sources
• The Possibility of Investigating Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic-Ray Sources Using Data on the Extragalactic Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission
• Echoes of the fifth dimension?
• Systematic Survey of the Correlation between Northern HECR Events and SDSS Galaxies
• High Energy Neutrino Astronomy
• Probing mSUGRA via the Extreme Universe Space Observatory
• Hard component of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and vortons
• Anomaly Mediation and Cosmology
• The Pierre Auger Observatory: Results on Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Bounds on Direct Couplings of Superheavy Metastable Particles to the Inflaton Field from Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray Events
• On parton distributions in a photon gas
• Cosmic Ray Astrophysics and Hadronic Interactions
• Baryogenesis via Leptogenesis in presence of cosmic strings
• Ultra high energy cosmic ray sources & experimental results
• Matter in a Warped and Oscillating Background
• Searches for Magnetic Monopoles, Nuclearites and Q-balls
• Influence of a cosmic string on the rate of pairs produced by the Coulomb potential
• Neutrino initiated cascades at mid and high altitudes in the atmosphere
• Multiscale autocorrelation function: a new approach to anisotropy studies
• Superheavy Gravitinos and Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Results from PAMELA, ATIC and FERMI : Pulsars or Dark Matter ?
• Induced current by a cosmic string and a brane in high-dimensional AdS spacetime
• Neutrinos as a signature of ultrahigh energy photons at high red shift
• Magnetic Suppression of Cosmic Rays' Flux in $\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{R})$ and $\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{Q})$ Theories of Gravity
• On the possibility of neutrino flavor identification at the highest energies
• Neutrino cross sections at HERA and beyond
• Extremely energetic cosmic neutrinos: Opportunities for astrophysics, particle physics, and cosmology
• Nuclear collision in strong magnetic field
• Ultra-high energy cosmic rays: from GeV to ZeV
• Effects of the Energy Error Distribution of Fluorescence Telescopes on the UHECR energy spectrum
• Astronomy with ultra high-energy particles
• Vacuum bosonic currents induced by a compactified cosmic string in dS background
• A possible origin of superconducting currents in cosmic strings
• Inferring astrophysical neutrino sources from the Glashow resonance
• Probing new physics with high-multiplicity events: UHE neutrinos at air-shower detector arrays
• Searching for Lorentz Violation
• New limits on Magnetic Monopoles searches from accelerator and non-accelerator experiments
• High Energy Astroparticle Physics
• Search for photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Probing a low-mass $Z^{\prime }$ gauge boson at IceCube and prospects for IceCube-Gen2
• Could the photon dispersion relation be non-linear ?
• Radial Profiles of Non-thermal Emission from Supernova Remnant RX J1713.7-3946
• Constraint on $B-L$ cosmic string from leptogenesis with degenerate neutrinos
• High-energy Atmospheric Muon Flux Expected at India-Based Neutrino Observatory
• Induced vacuum magnetic field in the cosmic string background
• The Pierre Auger Observatory -Status and Prospects -
• Ultra High Energy nu_tau detection at Pierre Auger Observatory
• De Sitter Cosmic Strings and Supersymmetry
• On a possible photon origin of the most-energetic AGASA events
• Signatures of New Physics from HBT Correlations in UHECRs
• String melting in a photon bath
• Astrophysical tau neutrinos and their detection by large neutrino telescopes
• Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays: New Physics or Old Physics?
• A relook at the GZK Neutrino-Photon Connection: Impact of Extra-galactic Radio Background & UHECR properties
• Formation & evolution of cosmic superstrings: a short review
• On The Injection Spectrum of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays in the Top-Down Scenario
• Quantum Particle Creation by Cosmic Strings in de Sitter Spacetime
• Probing Physics at Extreme Energies with Cosmic Ultra-High Energy Radiation
• On Anisotropy of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic-Rays
• Ultra-high energy event KM3-230213A as a cosmogenic neutrino in light of minimal UHECR flux models
• UHE Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos Showering on Planet Edges
• Constraints on superheavy dark matter decaying into $h\nu$, $Z\nu$ and $W\ell$ -- Benchmark example within an extended seesaw framework
• Combined Fit of Spectrum and Composition for FR0 Radio-galaxy-emitted Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays with Resulting Secondary Photons and Neutrinos
• Non-parametric Bayesian reconstruction of Galactic magnetic fields using Information Field Theory: The inclusion of line-of-sight information in ultra-high energy cosmic ray backtracking
• Signals of Very High Energy Neutralinos in Future Cosmic Ray Detectors
• Propagation of UHE cosmic rays in the light of f(R) gravity power-law model
• Additional Acceleration of Protons and Energetic Neutrino Production in a Filamentary Jet of the Blazar Markarian 501
• Estimation of Baryon Asymmetry from Dark Matter Decaying into IceCube Neutrinos
• Probing the Cosmic Neutrino Background and New Physics with TeV-Scale Astrophysical Neutrinos
• Models of diffusion of galactic Cosmic Rays from Super-bubbles
• The Future of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Leading-order gravitational time delay of massive particles by a moving Schwarzschild lens
• Revisiting Propagation Delays of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Long-lived Sources
• Axion-photon conversion in stochastic magnetic fields
• The Mysteries of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
• Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays and Prompt TeV Gamma Rays from Gamma Ray Bursts
• Cosmological stretching of perturbations on a cosmic string
• Sources of UHECRs in view of the TUS and JEM-EUSO experiments
• Neutrinos from extreme astrophysical sources
• Multiple UHECR Events from Galactic hadron jets
• Current density induced by a cosmic string in de Sitter spacetime in the presence of two flat boundaries
• Velocity decorrelation functions of high-energy cosmic rays propagating in magnetic fields
• Modelling Cosmic Rays Flux with Pierre Auger and Telescope Array Data in $\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{R})$ and $\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{Q})$ Theories of Gravity
• The Relevance of Mediterranean Neutrino Telescope Sites on Earth-skimming tau neutrino detection
• Generation of 10^15 - 10^17 eV photons by UHE CR in the Galactic magnetic filed
• Anisotropy studies with multiscale autocorrelation function
• High Energy Tau Neutrinos
• Magnetic field in vacuum of quantum spinor matter induced by a cosmic string in three-dimensional space
• Vacuum polarization by topological defects in de Sitter spacetime
• Unparticle effects on cosmic ray photon and $e^{\pm }$
• Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays: a probe into New Physics
• The Neutron as an Alternative Explanation for the Trans GZK Cosmic Rays
• Cosmic Rays at the Highest Energies -- First Data from the Pierre Auger Observatory --
• The Interplay of Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays and Extra Dimensions
• GZK photons as UHECR above 10${}^{19}$ eV