Growth of massive black holes by super-Eddington accretion

Abstract

Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) and Narrow-Line quasars (NLQs) seem to amount to ~ 10-30 % of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the local universe. Together with their average accretion rate, we argue that the black hole (BH) growth by factor of 8-800 happens in these super-Eddington accretion phase of AGNs. Moreover, there is a possible, systematic underestimation of accretion rates (in the Eddington unit) due to an overestimation of BH mass by massive accretion discs for super-Eddington objects. If it is true, the factor of BH growth above may be larger by order(s) of magnitude. In contrast, the growth factor expected in sub-Eddington phase is only ~ 2. Therefore, the cosmic BH growth by accretion is likely dominated by super-Eddington phase, rather than sub-Eddington phase which is the majority among AGNs. This analysis is based on the fraction and the average accretion rate of NLS1s and NLQs obtained for z ~< 0.5. If those numbers are larger at higher redshift (where BHs were probably less grown), super-Eddington accretion would be even more important in the context of cosmic BH growth history.

4 pages, Latex2e, Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters, corrected some typos

References in corpus (31)

• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• Reverberation Measurements for 17 Quasars and the Size-Mass-Luminosity Relations in Active Galactic Nuclei
• A Unified Model for the Evolution of Galaxies and Quasars
• Cosmological Evolution of the Hard X-ray AGN Luminosity Function and the Origin of the Hard X-ray Background
• Observational constraints on growth of massive black holes
• A Survey of z>5.7 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II: Discovery of Three Additional Quasars at z>6
• Central Masses and Broad-Line Region Sizes of Active Galactic Nuclei: I. Comparing the Photoionization and Reverberation Techniques
• The 2dF QSO Redshift Survey - I. The Optical QSO Luminosity Function
• The Soft X-Ray Properties of a Complete Sample of Optically Selected Quasars II. Final Results
• A Comprehensive Spectral and Variability Study of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies Observed by ASCA: I. Observations and Time Series Analysis
• Slim Disk Model for Soft X-Ray Excess and Variability of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• The mass density in black holes inferred from the X-ray background
• Most Supermassive Black Holes must be Rapidly Rotating
• Early Growth and Efficient Accretion of Massive Black Holes at High Redshift
• Size and Structure of the Narrow-Line Region of Quasars
• XMM-Newton discovery of a sharp spectral feature at ~7 keV in the Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxy 1H 0707-495
• Comptonization in Super-Eddington Accretion Flow and Growth Timescale of Supermassive Black Holes
• Soft X-ray AGN Luminosity Function from ROSAT Surveys II. Table of the binned Soft X-ray Luminosity Function
• Narrow-Line Seyfert 1s: 15 Years Later
• Are quasars accreting at super-Eddington rates?
• Extreme Slim Accretion Disks and Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies: the Nature of the soft X-ray Hump
• Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Early Data Release
• XMM-Newton spectral properties of the Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224--3809
• The X-ray variability of the Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224-3809 from an XMM-Newton observation
• Growth of massive black holes by super-Eddington accretion
• Quasars and galaxy formation
• The ROSAT Wide Field Camera Extragalactic Survey
• ASCA Observations of NLS1s: BH Mass Estimation from X-ray Variability and X-ray Spectra
• The origin of optical emission from super-Eddington accreting Active Galactic Nuclei: the case of Ton S 180
• Multiwavelength scaling relations for nuclei of Seyfert galaxies
• Local Supermassive Black Holes and Relics of Active Galactic Nuclei

Cited by in corpus (43)

• Systematic Effects in Measurement of Black Hole Masses by Emission-Line Reverberation of Active Galactic Nuclei: Eddington Ratio and Inclination
• Subaru high-z exploration of low-luminosity quasars (SHELLQs). I. Discovery of 15 quasars and bright galaxies at 5.7 < z < 6.9
• The case for super-critical accretion onto massive black holes at high redshift
• Super-Eddington accretion rates in Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). VI. Black Hole Mass Measurements of Six Quasars at 6.1<z<6.7
• Supermassive Seeds for Supermassive Black Holes
• Highly Accreting Quasars: Sample Definition and Possible Cosmological Implications
• Kiloparsec-scale Radio Structures in Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) VIII. A less biased view of the early co-evolution of black holes and host galaxies
• The Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei: II. Evolutionary Connection
• A Bar Fuels a Super-Massive Black Hole?: Host Galaxies of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Supermassive black holes from primordial black hole seeds
• Do Circumnuclear Dense Gas Disks Drive Mass Accretion onto Supermassive Black Holes?
• The Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei: I. Non-hidden Broad Line Region Seyfert 2 and Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Growth of massive black holes by super-Eddington accretion
• Testing models of supermassive black hole seed formation through gravity waves
• Accretion, Growth of Supermassive Black Holes, and Feedback in Galaxy Mergers
• Implications of the delayed 2013 outburst of the ESO 243-49 HLX-1
• Reverberation mapping of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy I Zwicky 1: black hole mass
• Early formation of galaxies initiated by clusters of primordial black holes
• Stellar and black hole assembly in z<0.3 infrared-luminous mergers: intermittent starbursts vs. super-Eddington accretion
• Supermassive Black Hole Mass Functions at Intermediate Redshifts from Spheroid and AGN Luminosity Functions
• New Method for Exploring Super-Eddington AGNs by Near-infrared Observations
• The evolving AGN duty cycle in galaxies since z$\sim$3 as encoded in the X-ray luminosity function
• Kinetic energy transfer from X-ray ultrafast outflows to mm/sub-mm cold molecular outflows in Seyfert galaxies
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources: three exciting years
• Theoretical reevaluations of the black hole mass - bulge mass relation - I. Effect of the seed black hole mass
• Limits on luminosity and mass accretion rate of a radiation pressure dominated accretion disc
• Slowing down of cosmic growth of supermassive black holes: Theoretical prediction of the Eddington ratio distribution
• Cosmological growth and feedback from supermassive black holes
• Radio jet structures at ~100 parsec and larger scales of the $\gamma$-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PMN J0948+0022
• Variability in Ultra-luminous X-ray Sources
• Circumnuclear Molecular Gas in Low-redshift Quasars and Matched Star-forming Galaxies
• Growth of massive black holes at high-z via accretion predominantly driven by magnetic outflows
• HI study of the environment around ESO 243-49, the host galaxy of an intermediate mass black hole
• A 100-pc Scale, Fast and Dense Outflow in Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy IRAS04576+0912
• The equilibrium of over-pressurised polytropes
• Revisiting Soltan's argument based on a semi-analytical model for galaxy and black hole evolution
• Supermassive black holes with higher Eddington ratios preferentially form in gas-rich galaxies
• Probing the Growth of Massive Black Holes with Black Hole-Host Galaxy Spin Correlations
• Formation and Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes
• Shaping the relation between the mass of supermassive black holes and the velocity dispersion of galactic bulges
• First Detection of 12CO (1--0) Emission from Two Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies