Resilience and implications of adiabatic CMB cooling

Abstract

We investigate potential deviations from the standard adiabatic evolution of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature, $T_{\mathrm{CMB}}(z)$, using the latest Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect measurements and molecular line excitation data, covering a combined redshift range of $0<z\lesssim 6$. We follow different approaches. First, we reconstruct the redshift evolution of $T_{\mathrm{CMB}}(z)$ in a model-independent way using Gaussian Process regression. The tightest constraints come from SZ measurements at $z<1$, while molecular line data at $z>3$ yield broader uncertainties. By combining both datasets, we find good consistency with the standard evolution across the full analysed redshift range, inferring a present-day CMB monopole temperature of $T_0=2.744\pm 0.019$ K. Next, we test for deviations from the standard scaling by adopting the parameterisation $T_{\mathrm{CMB}}(z)=T_0(1+z{)}^{1-\beta }$, where $\beta$ quantifies departures from adiabaticity, with $\beta =0$ corresponding to the standard scenario. In this framework, we use Gaussian Process reconstruction to test the consistency of $\beta =0$ across the full redshift range and perform ${\chi }^2$ minimisation techniques to determine the best-fit values of $T_0$ and $\beta$. In both cases, we find good consistency with the standard temperature-redshift relation. The ${\chi }^2$-minimisation analysis yields best-fit values of $\beta =-0.0106\pm 0.0124$ and $T_0=2.7276\pm 0.0095$ K, in excellent agreement with both $\beta =0$ and independent direct measurements of $T_0$ from FIRAS and ARCADE. We discuss the implications of our findings, which offer strong empirical support for the standard cosmological prediction and place tight constraints on a wide range of alternative scenarios of interest in the context of cosmological tensions and fundamental physics.

Comments are welcome!

References in corpus (170)

• A Comprehensive Measurement of the Local Value of the Hubble Constant with 1 km/s/Mpc Uncertainty from the Hubble Space Telescope and the SH0ES Team
• In the Realm of the Hubble tension $-$ a Review of Solutions
• The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum from the Full COBE/FIRAS Data Set
• Planck 2018 results. I. Overview and the cosmological legacy of Planck
• Chameleon Fields: Awaiting Surprises for Tests of Gravity in Space
• Chameleon Cosmology
• f(T) teleparallel gravity and cosmology
• The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Tensions between the Early and the Late Universe
• Early Dark Energy Can Resolve The Hubble Tension
• Challenges for $\Lambda$CDM: An update
• Varying constants, Gravitation and Cosmology
• The Hubble Hunter's Guide
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR4 Maps and Cosmological Parameters
• Cosmology Intertwined II: The Hubble Constant Tension
• The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
• The $H_0$ Olympics: A fair ranking of proposed models
• Reconstruction of dark energy and expansion dynamics using Gaussian processes
• Early dark energy, the Hubble-parameter tension, and the string axiverse
• Seven hints that early-time new physics alone is not sufficient to solve the Hubble tension
• ARCADE 2 Measurement of the Extra-Galactic Sky Temperature at 3-90 GHz
• Cosmologies with Varying Light-Speed
• The CosmoVerse White Paper: Addressing observational tensions in cosmology with systematics and fundamental physics
• Gaussian Process Cosmography
• Does the Hubble constant tension call for new physics?
• A Test of the Cosmological Principle with Quasars
• Early dark energy from massive neutrinos -- a natural resolution of the Hubble tension
• $H_0$ from cosmic chronometers and Type Ia supernovae, with Gaussian Processes and the novel Weighted Polynomial Regression method
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Survey Description
• Resolving the Hubble Tension with New Early Dark Energy
• Concordance and Discordance in Cosmology
• Nonparametric Dark Energy Reconstruction from Supernova Data
• Dimming Supernovae without Cosmic Acceleration
• New Early Dark Energy
• Relieving the Hubble tension with primordial magnetic fields
• Cosmic distance-duality as probe of exotic physics and acceleration
• The evolution of the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature: Measurements of TCMB at high redshift from carbon monoxide excitation
• Accurate precision Cosmology with redshift unknown gravitational wave sources
• A CMB Search for the Neutrino Mass Mechanism and its Relation to the $H_0$ Tension
• Can the $H_0$ tension be resolved in extensions to $\Lambda$CDM cosmology?
• A Challenge to the Standard Cosmological Model
• The microwave background temperature at the redshift of 2.33771
• The distance duality relation from X-ray and SZ observations of clusters
• Rock 'n' Roll Solutions to the Hubble Tension
• Testing the Distance-Duality Relation with Galaxy Clusters and Type Ia Supernovae
• Early modified gravity in light of the $H_0$ tension and LSS data
• First detection of CO in a high-redshift DLA
• Constraints on cosmic opacity and beyond the standard model physics from cosmological distance measurements
• Updated fundamental constant constraints from Planck 2018 data and possible relations to the Hubble tension
• New constraint on Early Dark Energy from Planck and BOSS data using the profile likelihood
• A translucent interstellar cloud at z=2.69: CO, H2 and HD in the line-of-sight to SDSS J123714.60+064759.5
• A precise and accurate determination of the cosmic microwave background temperature at z=0.89
• A model-independent determination of the Hubble constant from lensed quasars and supernovae using Gaussian process regression
• Scalar-tensor theories of gravity, neutrino physics, and the $H_0$ tension
• Cosmological-model-independent tests for the distance-duality relation from Galaxy Clusters and Type Ia Supernova
• Null tests of the cosmological constant using supernovae
• ESPRESSO high resolution transmission spectroscopy of WASP-76b
• Updated constraints on massive neutrino self-interactions from cosmology in light of the $H_0$ tension
• Nonparametric Reconstruction of the Dark Energy Equation of State from Diverse Data Sets
• Cosmic Distance Duality Relation and the Shape of Galaxy Clusters
• The Distance Duality Relation from Strong Gravitational Lensing
• Redshift Dependence of the CMB Temperature from S-Z Measurements
• A test for cosmic distance duality
• Molecular Hydrogen in the Damped Ly alpha Absorber of Q1331+170
• Cosmic acceleration vs axion-photon mixing
• Constraints on Distance Duality Relation from Sunyaev Zel'dovich Effect and Chandra X-ray measurements
• Discovery of a Perseus-like cloud in the early Universe: HI-to-H2 transition, carbon monoxide and small dust grains at zabs=2.53 towards the quasar J0000+0048
• A dark matter interpretation for the ARCADE excess?
• Euclid: Forecast constraints on the cosmic distance duality relation with complementary external probes
• A Consistent View of Interacting Dark Energy from Multiple CMB Probes
• Morphology of Galaxy Clusters: A Cosmological Model-Independent Test of the Cosmic Distance-Duality Relation
• H0 tension or T0 tension?
• Two new tests to the distance duality relation with galaxy clusters
• The blackness of the cosmic microwave background spectrum as a probe of the distance-duality relation
• Testing the cosmic distance duality with X-ray gas mass fraction and supernovae data
• The $H_0$ tension: $\Delta G_N$ vs. $\Delta N_{\mathrm{eff}}$
• Probing the Cosmic Distance Duality Relation with the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect, X-rays Observations and Supernovae Ia
• Resolving the Hubble tension with Early Dark Energy
• The cosmic microwave background radiation temperature at z = 3.025 toward QSO 0347--3819
• Measurement of the $T_{\mathrm{CMB}}$ evolution from the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
• Constraints on the CMB Temperature Evolution using Multi-Band Measurements of the Sunyaev Zel'dovich Effect with the South Pole Telescope
• Symmetry of Cosmological Observables, and a High Hubble Constant as an Indicator of a Mirror World Dark Sector
• Soundness of Dark Energy properties
• Microwave Background Temperature at a Redshift of 6.34 from H2O Absorption
• Observational Cosmology And The Cosmic Distance Duality Relation
• $f(R)$ gravity in the Jordan Frame as a Paradigm for the Hubble Tension
• Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature at Galaxy Clusters
• Is there an unaccounted excess Extragalactic Cosmic Radio Background?
• Coupled and uncoupled early dark energy, massive neutrinos and the cosmological tensions
• Gaussian processes and effective field theory of $f(T)$ gravity under the $H_0$ tension
• Supernova Brightening from Chameleon-Photon Mixing
• The $H_0$ and ${\sigma }_8$ tensions and the scale invariant spectrum
• Constraints on the distance duality relation with standard sirens
• A Step in Understanding the $S_8$ Tension
• Cosmological bounds on dark matter-photon coupling
• Primordial gravitational waves and the H0-tension problem
• The resilience of the Etherington-Hubble relation
• Combining pre- and post-recombination new physics to address cosmological tensions: case study with varying electron mass and sign-switching cosmological constant
• An improved method to test the Distance--Duality relation
• Ultralight Scalar Decay and the Hubble Tension
• Deformed Distance Duality Relations and Supernovae Dimming
• A Consistent Test of the Distance-Duality Relation with Galaxy Clusters and Type Ia Supernave
• Did the Universe Experienced a Pressure non-Crushing Type Cosmological Singularity in the Recent Past?
• Probing the distance-duality relation with high-$z$ data
• Tests of the CMB temperature-redshift relation, CMB spectral distortions and why adiabatic photon production is hard
• Assessment of the cosmic distance duality relation using Gaussian Process
• Constraints on the CMB temperature redshift dependence from SZ and distance measurements
• The Radio Synchrotron Background: Conference Summary and Report
• Integral $F(R)$ Gravity and Saddle Point Condition as a Remedy for the $H_0$-tension
• Tightening the reins on non-minimal dark sector physics: Interacting Dark Energy with dynamical and non-dynamical equation of state
• Testing the Etherington's distance duality relation at higher redshifts: the combination of radio quasars and gravitational waves
• Probing the cosmic distance duality relation using time delay lenses
• Hot New Early Dark Energy: Towards a Unified Dark Sector of Neutrinos, Dark Energy and Dark Matter
• New constraints on the distance duality relation from the local data
• Snowmass2021 CMB-HD White Paper
• Revisiting the cosmic distance duality relation with machine learning reconstruction methods: the combination of HII galaxies and ultra-compact radio quasars
• Slow-rolling scalar dynamics and as solution for the Hubble tension
• Testing Cosmic Distance-Duality Relation from Future Gravitational Wave Standard Sirens
• Testing the distance duality relation with present and future data
• Testing the distance duality relation using type Ia supernovae and ultracompact radio sources
• Statistical Test of Distance--Duality Relation with Type Ia Supernovae and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
• Reconstruction of the HII Galaxy Hubble Diagram using Gaussian Processes
• A test of cosmic distance duality relation using SPT-SZ galaxy clusters, Type Ia supernovae, and cosmic chronometers
• Constraining the evolution of the CMB temperature with SZ measurements from Planck data
• Confronting interacting dark radiation scenarios with cosmological data
• Hubble tension as a guide for refining the early Universe: Cosmologies with explicit local Lorentz and diffeomorphism violation
• Photon-graviton conversion in a primordial magnetic field and the cosmic microwave background
• Dissimilar Donuts in the Sky? Effects of a Pressure Singularity on the Circular Photon Orbits and Shadow of a Cosmological Black Hole
• Constraining the redshift evolution of the Cosmic Microwave Background black-body temperature with PLANCK data
• CMB Anomalies and the Hubble Tension
• Revisiting the distance duality relation using a non-parametric regression method
• Scaling Transformations and the Origins of Light Relics Constraints from Cosmic Microwave Background Observations
• Debiasing Cosmic Gravitational Wave Sirens
• New late-time constraints on $f(R)$ gravity
• How does light move in a generic metric-affine background?
• Measuring the redshift dependence of the CMB monopole temperature with PLANCK data
• A new Tolman test of a cosmic distance duality relation at 21 cm
• Model-independent test for the cosmic distance duality relation with Pantheon and eBOSS DR16 quasar sample
• Sub-percent constraints on cosmological temperature evolution
• Variation in the fine-structure constant, distance-duality relation and the next generation of high-resolution spectrograph
• A gravitational constant transition within cepheids as supernovae calibrators can solve the Hubble tension
• Prospects for Constraining Cosmology with the Extragalactic Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature
• Limits on decaying dark energy density models from the CMB temperature-redshift relation
• The expected kinematic matter dipole is robust against source evolution
• Analyzing the Hubble tension through hidden sector dynamics in the early universe
• Modified recombination and the Hubble tension
• Galaxy cluster Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect scaling-relation and type Ia supernova observations as a test for the cosmic distance duality relation
• Measuring Hubble constant in an anisotropic extension of $\Lambda$CDM model
• Estimation of the CMB temperature from atomic C\,{\sc i} and molecular CO lines in the interstellar medium of early galaxies
• Beyond the classical distance-redshift test: cross-correlating redshift-free standard candles and sirens with redshift surveys
• A Distance-Deviation Consistency and Model-Independent Method to Test the Cosmic Distance-Duality Relation
• Energy-Momentum Squared Gravity: A Brief Overview
• Reconciling early dark energy with a Harrison-Zeldovich spectrum
• Observational constraints on soft dark energy and soft dark matter: challenging $\Lambda$CDM
• High-redshift cosmography with a possible cosmic distance duality relation violation
• Testing the Cosmic Distance Duality Relation Using Strong Gravitational Lensing Time Delays and Type Ia Supernovae
• Test of the cosmic distance duality relation for arbitrary spatial curvature
• Strongly lensed supernovae as a self-sufficient probe of the distance duality relation
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 Constraints on Extended Cosmological Models
• The cosmic distance duality relation in light of the time-delayed strong gravitational lensing
• Reassessment of the dipole in the distribution of quasars on the sky
• Is there evidence for a hotter Universe?
• The Hubble tension in the non-flat Super-$\Lambda \mathrm{CDM}$ model
• Distance-duality in theories with a nonminimal coupling to gravity
• Cosmological impact of microwave background temperature measurements
• Frequency-redshift relation of the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Reconstruct the Distance Duality Relation by Gaussian Process
• Cosmic distance duality after DESI 2024 data release and dark energy evolution
• Implications of distance duality violation for the $H_0$ tension and evolving dark energy
• Modifications to the Etherington Distance Duality Relation and Observational Limits

Cited by in corpus (3)

• Cosmographic Footprints of Dynamical Dark Energy
• Cosmological tensions in the era of precision cosmology: Insights from Tensions in Cosmology 2025
• Current constraints on the minimally extended varying speed of light model through the cosmic distance duality relation