Evolution of stars with 60 and 200 Msun: predictions for WNh stars in the Milky Way

Abstract

We study in detail the evolution of two massive stars at solar metallicity ($Z=0.014$), by calculating their final masses, radial expansion, and chemical enrichment. We run evolutionary models for initial masses 60 and 200 $M_{\odot }$, using MESA and the Geneva-evolution-code (GENEC). For the mass loss, we adopt the self-consistent m-CAK prescription for the optically thin winds of OB-type stars, a semi-empirical formula for H-rich optically thick wind of WNh stars, and a hydrodynamically consistent formula for the H-poor thick wind of classical Wolf-Rayet stars. The transition from thin to thick winds is set at ${\Gamma }_{\text{e}}=0.5$. For the 60 $M_{\odot }$ case, the GENEC model predicts a more efficient rotational mixing and more chemically homogeneous evolution, whereas the MESA model predicts a large radial expansion reaching the LBV phase. For the 200 $M_{\odot }$ case, differences between both evolution codes are less relevant because their evolution is dominated by wind mass loss with a weaker dependence on internal mixing. The switch of the mass-loss prescription based on the Eddington factor instead of the removal of outer layers, implies the existence of WNh stars with a large mass fraction of hydrogen at the surface ($X_{\text{surf}}\ge 0.3$) formed from initial masses of $\gtrsim 60$ $M_{\odot }$. These stars are constrained in a $T_{\text{eff}}$ range of the HRD which corresponds to the MS band, in agreement with the observations of Galactic WNh stars at $Z=0.014$. While our models employ a fixed ${\Gamma }_{\text{e,trans}}$ threshold for the switch to thick winds, rather than a continuous thin-to-thick wind model, the good reproduction of observations during the MS supports the robustness of the wind model upgrades, allowing its application to studies of late-stage stellar evolution before core collapse.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

References in corpus (105)

• Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Giant Planets, Oscillations, Rotation, and Massive Stars
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Binaries, Pulsations, and Explosions
• MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (MIST). I: Solar-Scaled Models
• How Massive Single Stars End their Life
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Convective Boundaries, Element Diffusion, and Massive Star Explosions
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Pulsating Variable Stars, Rotation, Convective Boundaries, and Energy Conservation
• Comprehensive analytic formulae for stellar evolution as a function of mass and metallicity
• Mass-loss predictions for O and B stars as a function of metallicity
• Grids of stellar models with rotation - I. Models from 0.8 to 120 Msun at solar metallicity (Z = 0.014)
• Common Envelope Evolution: Where we stand and how we can move forward
• Dynamo action by differential rotation in a stably stratified stellar interior
• Physical Properties of Wolf-Rayet Stars
• Rotating Massive Main-Sequence Stars I: Grids of Evolutionary Models and Isochrones
• Presupernova Evolution of Differentially Rotating Massive Stars Including Magnetic Fields
• PARSEC evolutionary tracks of massive stars up to $350M_{\odot }$ at metallicities 0.0001$\le Z\le$0.04
• Mass loss from hot massive stars
• On The Maximum Mass of Stellar Black Holes
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Time-Dependent Convection, Energy Conservation, Automatic Differentiation, and Infrastructure
• The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 Msun stellar mass limit
• Stellar evolution with rotation X: Wolf-Rayet star populations at solar metallicity
• Type Ib/c supernovae in binary systems I. Evolution and properties of the progenitor stars
• The evolutionary roads leading to low effective spins, high black hole masses, and O1/O2 rates of LIGO/Virgo binary black holes
• Very massive stars, pair-instability supernovae and intermediate-mass black holes with the SEVN code
• Grids of stellar models with rotation II. WR populations and supernovae/GRB progenitors at Z = 0.014
• A Stellar Rotation Census of B Stars: from ZAMS to TAMS
• Low mass loss rates in O-type stars: Spectral signatures of dense clumps in the wind of two Galactic O4 stars
• Evolution and fate of very massive stars
• Mass loss from late-type WN stars and its Z-dependence: very massive stars approaching the Eddington limit
• The most massive stars in the Arches cluster
• Evolution towards the critical limit and the origin of Be stars
• Wind modelling of very massive stars up to 300 solar masses
• The Eddington factor as the key to understand the winds of the most massive stars. Evidence for a Gamma-dependence of Wolf-Rayet type mass loss
• The evolution of rotating very massive stars with LMC composition
• Internal mixing of rotating stars inferred from dipole gravity modes
• On the nature of massive helium star winds and Wolf-Rayet-type mass loss
• The evolution of massive stars and their spectra I. A non-rotating 60 Msun star from the zero-age main sequence to the pre-supernova stage
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey XVII. Physical and wind properties of massive stars at the top of the main sequence
• New predictions for radiation-driven, steady-state mass-loss and wind-momentum from hot, massive stars II. A grid of O-type stars in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds
• Discovery of a dormant 33 solar-mass black hole in pre-release Gaia astrometry
• The Galactic WC and WO stars: The impact of revised distances from Gaia DR2 and their role as massive black hole progenitors
• Spectral Classification of O2-3.5If*/WN5-7 stars
• The Galactic WN stars revisited. Impact of Gaia distances on fundamental stellar parameters
• Super-Eddington Stellar Winds Driven by Near-Surface Energy Deposition
• Theory and Diagnostics of Hot Star Mass Loss
• On the evolution and fate of supermassive stars
• Maximum Black Hole mass across Cosmic Time
• Winds from stripped low-mass Helium stars and Wolf-Rayet stars
• Coupling hydrodynamics with comoving frame radiative transfer: I. A unified approach for OB and WR stars
• Macroclumping as solution of the discrepancy between Hα and P v mass loss diagnostics for O-type stars
• Is GW190521 the merger of black holes from the first stellar generations?
• The `Red Supergiant Problem': the upper luminosity boundary of type-II supernova progenitors
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey XXIV. Stellar properties of the O-type giants and supergiants in 30 Doradus
• The transition mass-loss rate: Calibrating the role of line-driven winds in massive star evolution
• The impact of common envelope development criteria on the formation of LIGO/Virgo sources
• On the Social Traits of Luminous Blue Variables
• The influence of rotation in radiation driven wind from hot stars: New solutions and disk formation in Be stars
• The Uncertain Future of Massive Binaries Obscures the Origin of LIGO/Virgo Sources
• New predictions for radiation-driven, steady-state mass-loss and wind-momentum from hot, massive stars. I. Method and first results
• Grids of stellar models with rotation VI: Models from 0.8 to 120 $M_{\odot }$ at a metallicity Z = 0.006
• The Formation of a 70 Msun Black Hole at High Metallicity
• Effects of anisotropic winds on massive stars evolution
• Convective core entrainment in 1D main sequence stellar models
• The puzzle of the CNO abundances of α Cygni variables resolved by the Ledoux criterion?
• The Effect of Supernova Convection On Neutron Star and Black Hole Masses
• The fates of massive stars: exploring uncertainties in stellar evolution with METISSE
• Empirical mass-loss rates and clumping properties of Galactic early-type O supergiants
• Mass loss and the Eddington parameter: a new mass-loss recipe for hot and massive stars
• The role of supernova convection for the lower mass gap in the isolated binary formation of gravitational wave sources
• On the optically-thick winds of Wolf-Rayet stars
• Very Massive Stars and Pair-Instability Supernovae: Mass-loss Framework for low Metallicity
• Convective core sizes in rotating massive stars: I. Constraints from solar metallicity OB field stars
• The temperature dependency of Wolf-Rayet-type mass loss: An exploratory study for winds launched by the hot iron bump
• Evolution of Wolf-Rayet stars as black hole progenitors
• Weighing Melnick 34: the most massive binary system known
• Spectroscopic evolution of very massive stars at Z = 1/2.5 Zsun
• A study of convective core overshooting as a function of stellar mass based on two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations
• Explaining the differences in massive star models from various simulations
• Global hot-star wind models for stars from Magellanic Clouds
• Physics and evolution of the most massive stars in 30 Dor. Mass loss, envelope inflation, and a variable upper stellar mass limit
• WO-Type Wolf-Rayet Stars: the Last Hurrah of Massive Star Evolution
• The earliest O-type eclipsing binary in the Small Magellanic Cloud, AzV 476: A comprehensive analysis reveals surprisingly low stellar masses
• Very Massive Star Models: I. Impact of Rotation and Metallicity and Comparisons with Observations
• The role of stellar expansion on the formation of gravitational wave sources
• Evolution of massive stars with new hydrodynamic wind models
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive Stars at low metallicity IX: Empirical constraints on mass-loss rates and clumping parameters for OB supergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The influence of rotation in radiation driven winds from hot stars II. CAK topological analysis
• Self-consistent solutions for line-driven winds of hot massive stars. The m-CAK procedure
• A systematic study of super-Eddington layers in the envelopes of massive stars
• The IACOB project XI. No increase of mass-loss rates over the bistability region
• Impact of main-sequence mass loss on the appearance, structure and evolution of Wolf-Rayet stars
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive stars at low metallicity. IV. Spectral analysis methods and exemplary results for O stars
• The Massive Stellar Population of W49: A Spectroscopic Survey
• Empirical mass-loss rates and clumping properties of O-type stars in the LMC
• The impact of convective criteria on the properties of massive stars
• Evolution of rotating massive stars with new hydrodynamic wind models
• New self-consistent wind parameters fitting optical spectra of O-type stars observed with HERMES spectrograph
• Evolution of rotating massive stars adopting a newer, self-consistent wind prescription at SMC metallicity
• The Maximum Black Hole Mass at Solar Metallicity
• Development of convective envelopes in massive stars: Implications for gravitational wave sources
• Co-existence and switching between fast and $\Omega$-slow wind solutions in rapidly rotating massive stars
• Surface chemical composition of single WNh stars
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive Stars at Low Metallicity X. Physical Parameters and Feedback of Massive Stars in the LMC N11 B Star-Forming Region

Cited by in corpus (2)

• Exploring the connection between atmosphere models and evolution models of very massive stars
• Revisiting the Evolutionary Status of Massive Stars at the central parsec of the Milky Way