Precision Ephemerides for Gravitational-wave Searches -- IV: Corrected and refined ephemeris for Scorpius X-1

Abstract

Low-mass X-ray binaries have long been theorised as potential sources of continuous gravitational-wave radiation, yet there is no observational evidence from recent LIGO/Virgo observing runs. Even for the theoretically 'loudest' source, Sco X-1, the upper limit on gravitational-wave strain has been pushed ever lower. Such searches require precise measurements of the source properties for sufficient sensitivity and computational feasibility. Collating over 20 years of high-quality spectroscopic observations of the system, we present a precise and comprehensive ephemeris for Sco X-1 through radial velocity measurements, performing a full homogeneous reanalysis of all relevant datasets and correcting previous analyses. Our Bayesian approach accounts for observational systematics and maximises not only precision, but also the fidelity of uncertainty estimates - crucial for informing principled continuous-wave searches. Our extensive dataset and analysis also enables us to construct the highest signal-to-noise, highest resolution phase-averaged spectrum of a low-mass X-ray binary to date. Doppler tomography reveals intriguing transient structures present in the accretion disk and flow driven by modulation of the accretion rate, necessitating further characterisation of the system at high temporal and spectral resolution. Our ephemeris corrects and supersedes previous ephemerides, and provides a factor three reduction in the number of templates in the search space, facilitating precision searches for continuous gravitational-wave emission from Sco X-1 throughout the upcoming LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA O4 observing run and beyond.

14 pages, 11 figures, accepted in MNRAS - updated version to fix typographical error (precision of Porb) in Table 2

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• Search for Gravitational Waves from Scorpius X-1 in LIGO O3 Data With Corrected Orbital Ephemeris
• A directed continuous-wave search from Scorpius X-1 with the five-vector resampling technique
• Colloquium: Multimessenger astronomy with continuous gravitational waves and future detectors
• Observing Rayleigh-Taylor stable and unstable accretion through a Kalman filter analysis of X-ray pulsars in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• How much spin wandering can continuous gravitational wave search algorithms handle?
• Sco X-1 as a continuous gravitational waves source: modelling the secular evolution using MESA