Near-Infrared and Optical Observations of Type Ic SN 2021krf: Luminous Late-time Emission and Dust Formation

Abstract

We present near-infrared (NIR) and optical observations of the Type Ic supernova (SN Ic) SN 2021krf obtained between days 13 and 259 at several ground-based telescopes. The NIR spectrum at day 68 exhibits a rising $K$-band continuum flux density longward of $\sim$ 2.0 $\mu$m, and a late-time optical spectrum at day 259 shows strong [O I] 6300 and 6364 Å emission-line asymmetry, both indicating the presence of dust, likely formed in the SN ejecta. We estimate a carbon-grain dust mass of $\sim$ 2 $\times$ 10${}^{-5}$ M${}_{\odot }$ and a dust temperature of $\sim$ 900 - 1200 K associated with this rising continuum and suggest the dust has formed in SN ejecta. Utilizing the one-dimensional multigroup radiation hydrodynamics code STELLA, we present two degenerate progenitor solutions for SN 2021krf, characterized by C-O star masses of 3.93 and 5.74 M${}_{\odot }$, but with the same best-fit ${}^{56}$Ni mass of 0.11 M${}_{\odot }$ for early times (0-70 days). At late times (70-300 days), optical light curves of SN 2021krf decline substantially more slowly than that expected from ${}^{56}$Co radioactive decay. Lack of H and He lines in the late-time SN spectrum suggests the absence of significant interaction of the ejecta with the circumstellar medium. We reproduce the entire bolometric light curve with a combination of radioactive decay and an additional powering source in the form of a central engine of a millisecond pulsar with a magnetic field smaller than that of a typical magnetar.

Accepted for publication in ApJ, 27 pages, 21 figures, 6 tables. Previous arXiv submission (arXiv:2211.00205) replaced after acceptance

References in corpus (42)

• The Zwicky Transient Facility: System Overview, Performance, and First Results
• The Zwicky Transient Facility: Data Processing, Products, and Archive
• The Zwicky Transient Facility: Science Objectives
• Dust in the reionization era: ALMA observations of a $z$=8.38 Galaxy
• Theoretical light curves for deflagration models of Type Ia supernova
• The magnetar model for Type I superluminous supernovae I: Bayesian analysis of the full multicolour light curve sample with MOSFiT
• Freshly Formed Dust in the Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant as Revealed by the Spitzer Space Telescope
• The Unique Type Ib Supernova 2005bf at Nebular Phases: A Possible Birth Event of A Strongly Magnetized Neutron Star
• Dust and the type II-plateau supernova 2004et
• SN 2004aw: Confirming Diversity of Type Ic Supernovae
• A stubbornly large mass of cold dust in the ejecta of Supernova 1987A
• Condensation of dust in the ejecta of type II-P supernovae
• The dust mass in Cassiopeia A from a spatially resolved Herschel analysis
• The timing and location of dust formation in the remnant of SN 1987A
• Normal, Dust-Obscured Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• The properties of the "standard" type Ic supernova 1994I from spectral models
• Double-peaked Oxygen Lines Are not Rare in Nebular Spectra of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• The carbon-rich type Ic SN 2007gr: the photospheric phase
• Analysis of Late--time Light Curves of Type IIb, Ib and Ic Supernovae
• Early Formation of Dust in the Ejecta of Type Ib SN 2006jc and Temperature and Mass of the Dust
• The Nuclear Near-Infrared Spectral Properties of Nearby Galaxies
• Late-time observations of SN2006gy: Still Going Strong
• Near-Infrared and Optical Observations of Type Ic SN2020oi and broad-lined Ic SN2020bvc: Carbon Monoxide, Dust and High-Velocity Supernova Ejecta
• Carnegie Supernova Project-II: Near-infrared Spectroscopy of Stripped-Envelope Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Properties of newly formed dust by SN2006jc based on near-to-mid infrared observation with AKARI
• The birth place of the type Ic Supernova 2007gr
• Nebular phase properties of supernova Ibc from He-star explosions
• Statistical properties of the nebular spectra of 103 stripped envelope core collapse supernovae
• Infrared Echoes Reveal the Shock Breakout of the Cas A Supernova
• Near-Infrared observations of the type Ib Supernova SN2006jc: evidence of interactions with dust
• The mass, location and heating of the dust in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant
• SN 2018bsz: a Type I superluminous supernova with aspherical circumstellar material
• Supernova 2017eaw: molecule and dust formation from infrared observations
• Dust masses for a large sample of core-collapse supernovae from optical emission line asymmetries: dust formation on 30-year timescales
• The Luminous and Double-Peaked Type Ic Supernova 2019stc: Evidence for Multiple Energy Sources
• Modelling Type Ic Supernovae with TARDIS: Hidden Helium in SN1994I?
• Supernova 2014C: ongoing interaction with extended circumstellar material with silicate dust
• SN 2005at - A neglected type Ic supernova at 10 Mpc
• The dust mass in Cassiopeia A from infrared and optical line flux differences
• SPIRITS 15c and SPIRITS 14buu: Two Obscured Supernovae in the Nearby Star-Forming Galaxy IC 2163
• The 3D shape of Type IIb SN 2011hs
• Origin of postmaximum bump in luminous type Ic SN 2019stc

Cited by in corpus (4)

• Searching for late-time interaction signatures in Type Ia supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility
• The carbon-rich type Ic supernova 2016adj in the iconic dust lane of Centaurus A: signatures of interaction with circumstellar hydrogen?
• Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Detection of Carbon Monoxide in the Type II Supernova SN 2023ixf
• An infrared echo from a circumstellar disk in the hydrogen- and helium-poor SN 2024aecx