Selected topics in diffraction with protons and nuclei: past, present, and future

Abstract

We review a broad range of phenomena in diffraction in the context of hadron-hadron, hadron-nucleus collisions and deep inelastic lepton-proton/nucleus scattering focusing on the interplay between the perturbative QCD and non-perturbative models. We discuss inclusive diffraction in DIS, phenomenology of dipole models, resummation and parton saturation at low $x$, hard diffractive production of vector mesons, inelastic diffraction in hadron-hadron scattering, formalism of color fluctuations, inclusive coherent and incoherent diffraction as well as soft and hard diffraction phenomena in hadron-hadron/nucleus and photon-nucleus collisions. For each topic we review key results from the past and present experiments including HERA and the LHC. Finally, we identify the remaining open questions, which could be addressed in the continuing experiments, in particular in photon-induced reactions at the LHC and the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) in the US, Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC) and Future Circular Collider (FCC) at CERN.

arXiv comment128 pages, 55 figures. Review prepared for and submitted to Reports on Progress in Physics

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• Numerical evaluation of the nonlinear Gribov-Levin-Ryskin-Mueller-Qiu evolution equations for nuclear parton distribution functions
• Challenges to the Good-Walker paradigm in coherent and incoherent photoproduction
• Gluon Saturation Effects in Exclusive Heavy Vector Meson Photoproduction
• Determination of diffractive PDFs from global QCD analysis of inclusive diffractive DIS and dijet cross-section measurements at HERA
• Twist-3 Contributions in Semi-Inclusive DIS in the Target Fragmentation Region
• Vector meson photoproduction in UPCs with FoCal
• Nonlinear corrections for the nuclear gluon distribution in $eA$ processes
• The energy dependence of exclusive heavy vector meson photoproduction cross-sections and NLO BFKL evolution
• Effective Field Theory Factorization for Diffraction
• Hot Spot model of Nucleon and Double Parton Scattering
• Exclusive four pion photoproduction in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Impact of neutral fluxes and signal significance optimization on semi-exclusive $pp\to t\bar{t}$ production via deep learning training
• Evaluating the ratio of the exclusive vector meson photoproduction to inclusive hadron/jet production cross section in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions