The Hadronic Final State at HERA

Abstract

The hadronic final state in electron-proton collisions at HERA has provided a rich testing ground for development of the theory of the strong force, QCD. In this review, over 200 publications from the H1 and ZEUS Collaborations are summarised. Short distance physics, the measurement of processes at high energy scales, has provided rigorous tests of perturbative QCD and constrained the structure of the proton as well as allowing precise measurements of the strong coupling constant to be made. Non-perturbative or low energy processes have also been investigated and results on hadronisation interpreted together with those from other experiments. Searches for exotic QCD objects, such as pentaquarks, glueballs and instantons have been performed. The subject of diffraction has been re-invigorated through its precise measurement, such that it can now be described by perturbative QCD. After discussion of HERA, the H1 and ZEUS detectors and the techniques used to reconstruct differing hadronic final states, the above subject areas are elaborated. The major achievements are then condensed further in a final section summarising what has been learned.

60 pages, 65 figures, submitted to Reviews of Modern Physics. Updated version includes comments to the text from journal referees

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• Measurement of exclusive ${\rho }^0$(770) photoproduction in ultraperipheral pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=$ 5.02 TeV
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• Charm jets as a probe for strangeness at the future Electron-Ion Collider
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• Photonuclear $J/\psi$ production at the LHC: proton-based versus nuclear dipole scattering amplitudes
• Dissociative production of vector mesons at electron-ion colliders
• Measurement of charged particle spectra in minimum-bias events from proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV
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• Phenomenological implications of the intrinsic charm in the $Z$ boson production at the LHC
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• Dijet production in diffractive deep-inelastic scattering in next-to-next-to-leading order QCD
• Probing the gluon density of the proton in the exclusive photoproduction of vector mesons at the LHC: A phenomenological analysis
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• How large is the diffractive contribution to inclusive dijet photoproduction in UPCs at the LHC?
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• Polarized fragmenting jet functions in Inclusive and Exclusive Jet Production
• Near threshold heavy vector meson photoproduction at LHC and EicC
• Photon-Jet cross sections in Deep-Inelastic Scattering
• Observation and differential cross section measurement of neutral current DIS events with an empty hemisphere in the Breit frame
• Isolating the Odderon in central production in high energy $pA$ and $AA$ collisions
• Diffractive longitudinal structure function at the Electron Ion Collider
• Measurement of lepton-jet correlation in deep-inelastic scattering with the H1 detector using machine learning for unfolding
• Combining the small-x evolution and DGLAP for description of inclusive photon induced processes
• Effective Field Theory Factorization for Diffraction
• Probing nuclear structure with the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation in full impact-parameter dependence
• Event generation at MEPS@NLO accuracy in neutral and charged current DIS at the EIC