The Page Curve for Fermionic Gaussian States

Eugenio Bianchi; Lucas Hackl; Mario Kieburg

doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.103.L241118

paper

The Page Curve for Fermionic Gaussian States

arXiv:2103.05416 · doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.103.L241118

Abstract

In a seminal paper, Page found the exact formula for the average entanglement entropy for a pure random state. We consider the analogous problem for the ensemble of pure fermionic Gaussian states, which plays a crucial role in the context of random free Hamiltonians. Using recent results from random matrix theory, we show that the average entanglement entropy of pure random fermionic Gaussian states in a subsystem of $N_{A}$ out of $N$ degrees of freedom is given by $⟨ S_{A} ⟩_{G} = (N - \frac{1}{2}) Ψ (2 N) + (\frac{1}{4} - N_{A}) Ψ (N) + (\frac{1}{2} + N_{A} - N) Ψ (2 N - 2 N_{A}) - \frac{1}{4} Ψ (N - N_{A}) - N_{A}$ , where $Ψ$ is the digamma function. Its asymptotic behavior in the thermodynamic limit is given by $⟨ S_{A} ⟩_{G} = N (lo g 2 - 1) f + N (f - 1) lo g (1 - f) + \frac{1}{2} f + \frac{1}{4} lo g (1 - f) + O (1/ N)$ , where $f = N_{A} / N$ . Remarkably, its leading order agrees with the average over eigenstates of random quadratic Hamiltonians with number conservation, as found by Lydzba, Rigol and Vidmar. Finally, we compute the variance in the thermodynamic limit, given by the constant $lim_{N \to \infty} (Δ S_{A})_{G}^{2} = \frac{1}{2} (f + f^{2} + lo g (1 - f))$ .

arXiv comment7 pages, 3 figures

The Page Curve for Fermionic Gaussian States

Abstract

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