DRAKE: Dark matter Relic Abundance beyond Kinetic Equilibrium

Abstract

We introduce DRAKE, a numerical precision tool for predicting the dark matter relic abundance also in situations where the standard assumption of kinetic equilibrium during the freeze-out process may not be satisfied. DRAKE comes with a set of three dedicated Boltzmann equation solvers that implement, respectively, the traditionally adopted equation for the dark matter number density, fluid-like equations that couple the evolution of number density and velocity dispersion, and a full numerical evolution of the phase-space distribution. We review the general motivation for these approaches and, for illustration, highlight three concrete classes of models where kinetic and chemical decoupling are intertwined in a way that quantitatively impacts the relic density: i) dark matter annihilation via a narrow resonance, ii) Sommerfeld-enhanced annihilation and iii) `forbidden' annihilation to final states that are kinematically inaccessible at threshold. We discuss all these cases in some detail, demonstrating that the commonly adopted, traditional treatment can result in an estimate of the relic density that is wrong by up to an order of magnitude. The public release of DRAKE, along with several examples of how to calculate the relic density in concrete models, is provided at drake.hepforge.org

arXiv comment23 pages, 12 figures, v2: minor changes to match published version

References in corpus (59)

• Supersymmetric Dark Matter
• Observational evidence for self-interacting cold dark matter
• Dark Matter Self-interactions and Small Scale Structure
• Gauge Singlet Scalars as Cold Dark Matter
• The Minimal Model of Nonbaryonic Dark Matter: A Singlet Scalar
• The Waning of the WIMP? A Review of Models, Searches, and Constraints
• micrOMEGAs2.0: a program to calculate the relic density of dark matter in a generic model
• Neutralino Relic Density including Coannihilations
• Cosmology and Astrophysics of Minimal Dark Matter
• Non-Perturbative Effect on Dark Matter Annihilation and Gamma Ray Signature from Galactic Center
• Non-perturbative Effect on Thermal Relic Abundance of Dark Matter
• Explosive Dark Matter Annihilation
• The WIMPless Miracle: Dark Matter Particles without Weak-scale Masses or Weak Interactions
• The Cosmic Linear Anisotropy Solving System (CLASS) IV: Efficient implementation of non-cold relics
• Dark Matter and Collider Phenomenology of Universal Extra Dimensions
• Sommerfeld Enhancements for Thermal Relic Dark Matter
• Particle Models and the Small-Scale Structure of Dark Matter
• Sommerfeld factor for arbitrary partial wave processes
• Forbidden Dark Matter
• Effects of cold dark matter decoupling and pair annihilation on cosmological perturbations
• Elastically Decoupling Dark Matter
• Status of the scalar singlet dark matter model
• DarkSUSY 6 : An Advanced Tool to Compute Dark Matter Properties Numerically
• MadDM v.3.0: a Comprehensive Tool for Dark Matter Studies
• The Sommerfeld enhancement for dark matter with an excited state
• Unitarity and Higher-Order Corrections in Neutralino Dark Matter Annihilation into Two Photons
• Cosmological Implications of Dark Matter Bound States
• The Effects of QCD Equation of State on the Relic Density of WIMP Dark Matter
• Likelihood Analysis of the pMSSM11 in Light of LHC 13-TeV Data
• Cosmology and Accelerator Tests of Strongly Interacting Dark Matter
• Global fits of GUT-scale SUSY models with GAMBIT
• SuperIso Relic: A program for calculating relic density and flavor physics observables in Supersymmetry
• A global fit of the MSSM with GAMBIT
• Killing the cMSSM softly
• Relic density and CMB constraints on dark matter annihilation with Sommerfeld enhancement
• What next for the CMSSM and the NUHM: Improved prospects for superpartner and dark matter detection
• SUSY under siege from direct and indirect WIMP detection experiments
• Phenomenology of ELDER Dark Matter
• Impact of Resonance on Thermal Targets for Invisible Dark Photon Searches
• Thermal decoupling and the smallest subhalo mass in dark matter models with Sommerfeld-enhanced annihilation rates
• Matter Power Spectrum in Hidden Neutrino Interacting Dark Matter Models: A Closer Look at the Collision Term
• Suppressing structure formation at dwarf galaxy scales and below: late kinetic decoupling as a compelling alternative to warm dark matter
• Thermal Relic Abundances of Particles with Velocity-Dependent Interactions
• The effect of quark interactions on dark matter kinetic decoupling and the mass of the smallest dark halos
• Precise WIMP Dark Matter Abundance and Standard Model Thermodynamics
• Small scale aspects of warm dark matter : power spectra and acoustic oscillations
• Reannihilation of self-interacting dark matter
• Resonance enhancement of dark matter interactions: the case for early kinetic decoupling and velocity dependent resonance width
• Complementarity of Dark Matter Searches at Resonance
• Self-heating dark matter via semi-annihilation
• Improved bounds on ${\mathbb{Z}}_3$ singlet dark matter
• Electroweak and Higgs Boson Internal Bremsstrahlung: General considerations for Majorana dark matter annihilation and application to MSSM neutralinos
• Constraining resonant dark matter with combined LHC electroweakino searches
• Likelihood Analysis of the Sub-GUT MSSM in Light of LHC 13-TeV Data
• Self-heating of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles
• Precision calculations of dark matter relic abundance
• Global Analysis of Dark Matter Simplified Models with Leptophobic Spin-One Mediators using MasterCode
• Coscattering in next-to-minimal dark matter and split supersymmetry
• The effect of the early kinetic decoupling in a fermionic dark matter model

Cited by in corpus (32)

• micrOMEGAs 6.0: N-component dark matter
• Revisiting Dark Matter Freeze-in and Freeze-out through Phase-Space Distribution
• New Pathways to the Relic Abundance of Vector-Portal Dark Matter
• Resonant or asymmetric: The status of sub-GeV dark matter
• Analyzing the Hubble tension through hidden sector dynamics in the early universe
• Towards a full description of MeV dark matter decoupling: a self-consistent determination of relic abundance and $N_{\mathrm{eff}}$
• A Global Analysis of Resonance-enhanced Light Scalar Dark Matter
• Impact of dark matter self-scattering on its relic abundance
• Dark matter from a complex scalar singlet: The role of dark CP and other discrete symmetries
• Forbidden dark matter annihilation into leptons with full collision terms
• EasyScan_HEP: a tool for connecting programs to scan the parameter space of physics models
• Resonant $s$-channel dark matter annihilation at NLO
• Precise predictions for the QCD axion contribution to dark radiation with full phase-space evolution
• Sub-GeV dark matter and nano-Hertz gravitational waves from a classically conformal dark sector
• Dark matter transient annihilations in the early Universe
• MiMeS: Misalignment Mechanism Solver
• EvoEMD: cosmic evolution with an early matter-dominated era
• Early kinetic decoupling effect on the forbidden dark matter annihilations into standard model particles
• Precision predictions for dark matter with DM@NLO in the MSSM
• Langevin simulation of dark matter kinetic equilibration
• Relic density and temperature evolution of a light dark sector
• GeV-scale dark matter with $p$-wave Breit-Wigner enhanced annihilation
• Phase Transitions and Gravitational Waves in a Model of ${\mathbb{Z}}_3$ Scalar Dark Matter
• Indirect Detection of Secluded Supersymmetric Dark Matter
• Consistent explanation for the cosmic-ray positron excess in $p$-wave Breit-Wigner enhanced dark matter annihilation
• The Simplest Dark Matter Model at the Edge of Perturbativity
• Freezing-in Cannibal Dark Sectors
• Resonant ALP-Portal Dark Matter Annihilation as a Solution to the $B^{\pm }\to K^{\pm }\nu \bar{\nu }$ Excess
• Computing singlet scalar freeze-out with plasmon and plasmino states
• Constraining the Secluded and Catalyzed Annihilation Dark Matter with Fermi-LAT and Planck Data
• Unitarity, real-intermediate states, and fixed-order approach to resonant dark matter annihilation
• Boltzmann Equation Solver for Thermalization