Seeding Supermassive Black Holes with Self-Interacting Dark Matter: A Unified Scenario with Baryons

Abstract

Observations show that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with a mass of $\sim 10^9{M}_{\odot }$ exist when the Universe is just $6\%$ of its current age. We propose a scenario where a self-interacting dark matter halo experiences gravothermal instability and its central region collapses into a seed black hole. The presence of baryons in protogalaxies could significantly accelerate the gravothermal evolution of the halo and shorten collapse timescales. The central halo could dissipate its angular momentum remnant via viscosity induced by the self-interactions. The host halo must be on high tails of density fluctuations, implying that high-$z$ SMBHs are expected to be rare in this scenario. We further derive conditions for triggering general relativistic instability of the collapsed region. Our results indicate that self-interacting dark matter can provide a unified explanation for diverse dark matter distributions in galaxies today and the origin of SMBHs at redshifts $z\sim 6-7$.

arXiv comment6 pages, 3 figures, and Supplemental Material; Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters; A minor bug in the simulation code is identified and corrected, and Figs. 1, 2, and 5 are updated; the benchmark cross section is 2.5 times larger, but the main results remain unchanged

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