Thermodynamics of active field theories: Energetic cost of coupling to reservoirs

Abstract

The hallmark of active matter is the autonomous directed motion of its microscopic constituents driven by consumption of energy resources. This leads to the emergence of large scale dynamics and structures without any equilibrium equivalent. Though active field theories offer a useful hydrodynamic description, it is unclear how to properly quantify the energetic cost of the dynamics from such a coarse-grained description. We provide a thermodynamically consistent framework to identify the energy exchanges between active systems and their surrounding thermostat at the hydrodynamic level. Based on linear irreversible thermodynamics, we determine how active fields couple with the underlying reservoirs at the basis of nonequilibrium driving. This leads to evaluating the rate of heat dissipated in the thermostat, as a measure of the cost to sustain the system away from equilibrium, which is related to the irreversibility of the active field dynamics. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach in two popular active field theories: (i) the dynamics of a conserved density field reproducing active phase separation, and (ii) the coupled dynamics of density and polarization describing motile deformable droplets. Combining numerical and analytical approaches, we provide spatial maps of dissipated heat, compare them with the irreversibility measure of the active field dynamics, and explore how the overall dissipated heat varies with the emerging order.

arXiv comment23 pages, 7 figures

References in corpus (77)

• Novel type of phase transition in a system of self-driven particles
• Stochastic thermodynamics, fluctuation theorems, and molecular machines
• Active Particles in Complex and Crowded Environments
• Self-motile colloidal particles: from directed propulsion to random walk
• Motility-Induced Phase Separation
• Spontaneous motion in hierarchically assembled active matter
• A Gallavotti-Cohen Type Symmetry in the Large Deviation Functional for Stochastic Dynamics
• Dynamical clustering and phase separation in suspensions of self-propelled colloidal particles
• Meso-scale turbulence in living fluids
• Statistical Mechanics of Interacting Run-and-Tumble Bacteria
• Long-lived Giant Number Fluctuations in a Swarming Granular Nematic
• Statistical mechanics for natural flocks of birds
• How far from equilibrium is active matter?
• Collective Motion of Vibrated Polar Disks
• Fluid dynamics of bacterial turbulence
• When are active Brownian particles and run-and-tumble particles equivalent? Consequences for motility-induced phase separation
• Topological defect launches 3D mound in the active nematic sheet of neural progenitors
• Scalar ${\varphi }^4$ field theory for active-particle phase separation
• Active matter
• Pressure and Phase Equilibria in Interacting Active Brownian Spheres
• State-dependent diffusion: thermodynamic consistency and its path integral formulation
• Hydrodynamic equations for self-propelled particles: microscopic derivation and stability analysis
• Active nematics on a substrate: giant number fluctuations and long-time tails
• Odd elasticity
• Orientational order of motile defects in active nematics
• Broken detailed balance and non-equilibrium dynamics in living systems
• Active Brownian Particles and Run-and-Tumble Particles: a Comparative Study
• Microscopic theory for the phase separation of self-propelled repulsive disks
• Pattern formation in self-propelled particles with density-dependent motility
• The statistical physics of active matter: from self-catalytic colloids to living cells
• Towards a 'Thermodynamics' of Active Matter
• Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Chemical Reaction Networks: Wisdom from Stochastic Thermodynamics
• Spontaneous symmetry breaking in active droplets provides a generic route to motility
• Irreversibility in active matter systems: Fluctuation theorem and mutual information
• Velocity Correlations in an Active Nematic
• Generalized Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria in Scalar Active Matter
• Entropy production in field theories without time reversal symmetry: Quantifying the non-equilibrium character of active matter
• Cluster phases and bubbly phase separation in active fluids: Reversal of the Ostwald process
• Generalized thermodynamics of Motility-Induced Phase Separation: Phase equilibria, Laplace pressure, and change of ensembles
• Emergence of active nematic behaviour in monolayers of isotropic cells
• Entropy production and fluctuation theorems for active matter
• Hidden entropy production and work fluctuations in an ideal active gas
• Entropy production in full phase space for continuous stochastic dynamics
• Entropy production of active particles and for particles in active baths
• Inferring broken detailed balance in the absence of observable currents
• A minimal physical model captures the shapes of crawling cells
• Stochastic thermodynamics for active matter
• Mesoscopic theory for fluctuating active nematics
• Large-scale chaos and fluctuations in active nematics
• Autonomous engines driven by active matter: Energetics and design principles
• Optimizing active work: Dynamical phase transitions, collective motion, and jamming
• Active mechanics reveal molecular-scale force kinetics in living oocytes
• Active nematics are intrinsically phase-separated
• Heat, temperature and Clausius inequality in a model for active brownian particles
• Chemical potential in active systems: predicting phase equilibrium from bulk equations of state?
• Large fluctuations and dynamic phase transition in a system of self-propelled particles
• Origins and diagnostics of the nonequilibrium character of active systems
• Entropy Production Rate is Maximized in Non-Contractile Actomyosin
• Conservation Laws shape Dissipation
• Rules of calculus in the path integral representation of white noise Langevin equations: the Onsager-Machlup approach
• Nonequilibrium dissipation in living oocytes
• Thermodynamic cycles with active matter
• Entropy production fluctuations encode collective behavior in active matter
• How dissipation constrains fluctuations in nonequilibrium liquids: Diffusion, structure and biased interactions
• Dissipation controls transport and phase transitions in active fluids: Mobility, diffusion and biased ensembles
• Fluctuating chemohydrodynamics and the stochastic motion of self-diffusiophoretic particles
• Active Viscoelastic Matter: from Bacterial Drag Reduction to Turbulent Solids
• Active Brownian particles driven by constant affinity
• Irreversibility in dynamical phases and transitions
• Thermodynamics of emergent structure in active matter
• Extracting maximum power from active colloidal heat engines
• Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of chemically-powered synthetic nanomotors
• Shear-induced first-order transition in polar liquid crystals
• Macroscopic Time-Reversal Symmetry Breaking at Nonequilibrium Phase Transition
• Systematic extension of the Cahn-Hilliard model for motility-induced phase separation
• Lack of an equation of state for the nonequilibrium chemical potential of gases of active particles in contact
• Motor-free Contractility in Active Gels

Cited by in corpus (28)

• Odd viscosity in active matter: microscopic origin and 3D effects
• Variance Sum Rule for Entropy Production
• Active matter under control: Insights from response theory
• Active phase separation: new phenomenology from non-equilibrium physics
• Macroscopic Stochastic Thermodynamics
• Second law for active heat engines
• Thermodynamics of active matter: Tracking dissipation across scales
• Nonideal Reaction-Diffusion Systems: Multiple Routes to Instability
• The energy cost for flocking of active spins: the cusped dissipation maximum at the flocking transition
• Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Non-Ideal Reaction-Diffusion Systems: Implications for Active Self-Organization
• Efficiency of isothermal active matter engines: Strong driving beats weak driving
• Thermodynamically consistent flocking: From discontinuous to continuous transitions
• Optimal power extraction from active particles with hidden states
• Second Law of Thermodynamics without Einstein Relation
• Variance sum rule: proofs and solvable models
• Effects of the self-propulsion parity on the efficiency of a fuel-consuming active heat engine
• Nonequilibrium fluctuations of chemical reaction networks at criticality: The Schlögl model as paradigmatic case
• Quantifying dissipation in flocking dynamics: When tracking internal states matters
• Entropy production rate in thermodynamically consistent flocks
• Mechanical inhibition of dissipation in a thermodynamically consistent active solid
• Coupling an elastic string to an active bath: the emergence of inverse damping
• Thermodynamic nature of irreversibility in active matter
• Irreversibility in scalar active turbulence: The role of topological defects
• The non-equilibrium thermodynamics of active suspensions
• Microcanonical ensemble out of equilibrium
• Consistent expansion of the Langevin propagator with application to entropy production
• Hyperuniformity in active fluids reshapes nucleation and capillary-wave dynamics
• From Active to Odd to Smart Matter