Study on the escape timescale of high-energy particles from supernova remnants through thermal X-ray properties

Abstract

In this decade, GeV/TeV gamma-ray observations of several supernova remnants (SNRs) have implied that accelerated particles are escaping from their acceleration sites. However, when and how they escape from the SNR vicinities are yet to be understood. Recent studies have suggested that the particle escape might develop with thermal plasma ages of the SNRs. In this paper, we present a systematic study on time evolution of particle escape using thermal X-ray properties and gamma-ray spectra. We used 38 SNRs which associate with GeV/TeV gamma-ray emissions. We conducted spectral fittings on the gamma-ray spectra using exponential cutoff power law and broken power law models to estimate the exponential cutoff or the break energies, both of which are indicators of particle escape. The plots of the gamma-ray cutoff/break energies over the plasma ages show similar tendencies to those predicted by simple theories of the particle escape under conditions in which a shock is interacting with thin interstellar medium or clouds. The particle escape timescale is estimated as $\sim$100 kyr from decreasing trends of the total energy of the confined protons with the plasma age. The large dispersions of the cutoff/break energies of the data may suggest an intrinsic variety of particle escape environments. This might be the cause of the complicated Galactic cosmic-ray spectral shape measured on Earth.

arXiv comment20 pages, 12 figures, accepted for PASJ

References in corpus (98)

• Detection of the Characteristic Pion-Decay Signature in Supernova Remnants
• A New $\Sigma -D$ Relation and Its Application to the Galactic Supernova Remnant Distribution
• Supernova Remnants in Molecular Clouds
• The 1st Fermi Lat Supernova Remnant Catalog
• A Spatial and Spectral Study of Nonthermal Filaments in Historical Supernova Remnants: Observational Results with Chandra
• Toward Understanding the Cosmic-ray Acceleration at Young Supernova Remnants Interacting with Interstellar Clouds: Possible Applications to RX J1713.7-3946
• Precision Astrometry with the Very Long Baseline Array: Parallaxes and Proper Motions for 14 Pulsars
• RXJ 0852.0-0462: Another Nonthermal Shell-Type SNR (G266.2-1.2)
• H.E.S.S. observations of the supernova remnant RX J0852.0-4622: shell-type morphology and spectrum of a widely extended VHE gamma-ray source
• HESS Observations and VLT Spectroscopy of PG 1553+113
• Fermi LAT Observations of the Supernova Remnant W28 (G6.4-0.1)
• The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum
• Discovery of TeV Gamma Ray Emission from Tycho's Supernova Remnant
• Limits on diffusive shock acceleration in supernova remnants in the presence of cosmic-ray streaming instability and wave dissipation
• Gamma-ray Emission from Crushed Clouds in Supernova Remnants
• Efficient cosmic ray acceleration, hydrodynamics, and Self-consistent Thermal X-ray Emission applied to SNR RX J1713.7-3946
• Fermi-LAT Detection of the Young SuperNova Remnant Tycho
• Escape-limited Model of Cosmic-ray Acceleration Revisited
• Suzaku Discovery of the Strong Radiative Recombination Continuum of Iron from the Supernova Remnant W49B
• H.E.S.S. observations of RX J1713.7-3946 with improved angular and spectral resolution; evidence for gamma-ray emission extending beyond the X-ray emitting shell
• Search for extended sources in the Galactic Plane using 6 years of Fermi-Large Area Telescope Pass 8 data above 10 GeV
• Discovery of Strong Radiative Recombination Continua from The Supernova Remnant IC 443 with Suzaku
• Hadronic gamma-rays from RX J1713.7-3946?
• Gamma-Ray Observations of the Supernova Remnant RX J0852.0-4622 with the Fermi LAT
• High Resolution Spectroscopy of Balmer-Dominated Shocks in the RCW 86, Kepler and SN 1006 Supernova Remnants
• Expansion Velocity of Ejecta in Tycho's Supernova Remnant Measured by Doppler Broadened X-ray Line Emission
• A cut-off in the TeV gamma-ray spectrum of the SNR Cassiopeia A
• Investigation of the large-scale neutral hydrogen near the supernova remnant W28
• Discovery of the radio and X-ray counterpart of TeV Gamma-ray source HESS J1731-347
• Enhanced abundances in three large-diameter mixed-morphology supernova remnants
• The radio surface brightness to diameter relation for galactic supernova remnants: sample selection and robust analysis with various fitting offsets
• The Slow X-Ray Expansion of the Northwestern Rim of the Supernova Remnant RX J0852.0-4622
• A new SNR with TeV shell-type morphology: HESS J1731-347
• Fermi Large Area Telescope Observations of the Supernova Remnant G8.7-0.1
• X-Ray Observations of the Supernova Remnant W28 with Suzaku --- I. Spectral Study of the Recombining Plasma
• The Distances of SNR W41 and overlapping HII regions
• Fermi Large Area Telescope Observations of the Cygnus Loop Supernova Remnant
• X-Ray Spectrum of a Peculiar Supernova Remnant G359.1-0.5
• Tycho SN 1572: A Naked Ia Supernova Remnant without Associated Ambient Molecular Cloud
• X-Ray Spectroscopy of SN 1006 with Suzaku
• Radio Spectrum and Distance of the SNR HB9
• Escape of cosmic-ray electrons from supernova remnants
• Evolution of high-energy particle distribution in Supernova Remnants
• Recombining Plasma and Hard X-ray Filament in the Mixed-Morphology Supernova Remnant W44
• Radio and X-ray study of two multi-shell Supernova Remnants: Kes79 and G352.7-0.1
• The shape of the cosmic ray proton spectrum
• Discovery of TeV Gamma-ray Emission Toward Supernova Remnant SNR G78.2+2.1
• Fermi LAT Observations of Supernova Remnants Interacting with Molecular Clouds: W41, MSH 17-39, and G337.0-0.1
• Observations of the neutral hydrogen surrounding the radio quiet neutron star RX J0822-4300 in Puppis A
• The distance to the SNR CTB109 deduced from its environment
• Chandra view of Kes 79: a nearly isothermal SNR with rich spatial structure
• A Broadband Study of the Emission from the Composite Supernova Remnant MSH 11-62
• Cosmic-ray acceleration and escape from post-adiabatic Supernova remnants
• Chandra and H.E.S.S. observations of the Supernova Remnant CTB 37B
• Fermi-LAT Observations and A Broadband Study of Supernova Remnant CTB 109
• Distances of the TeV SNR complex CTB 37 towards the Galactic Bar
• Fermi-LAT Observation of Supernova Remnant S147
• Fermi Large Area Telescope Detection of Supernova Remnant RCW 86
• Constraints on cosmic-ray efficiency in the supernova remnant RCW 86 using multi-wavelength observations
• Fermi-LAT Observations of Supernova Remnant Kesteven 79
• Non-equilibrium ionization in mixed-morphology supernova remnants
• Detection of Gamma-Ray Emission in the Region of the Supernova Remnants G296.5+10.0 and G166.0+4.3
• Discovery of Recombining Plasma in the Supernova Remnant 3C 391
• Detection of two TeV shell-type remnants at GeV energies with Fermi-LAT: HESS J1731-347 and SN 1006
• High-Energy Emission from the Composite Supernova Remnant MSH 15-56
• Chandra observation of the Galactic supernova remnant CTB 109 (G109.1-1.0)
• The Origin of Recombining Plasma and the Detection of the Fe-K Line in the Supernova Remnant W28
• An ASCA Study of the High Luminosity SNR G349.7+0.2
• Chandra observation of the TeV source HESS J1834-087
• Leaked GeV CRs from a broken shell: Explaining 9 years Fermi-LAT data of SNR W28
• H.E.S.S. detection of TeV emission from the interaction region between the supernova remnant G349.7+0.2 and a molecular cloud
• H.E.S.S. reveals a lack of TeV emission from the supernova remnant Puppis A
• Probing the gamma-ray emission from HESS J1834-087 using H.E.S.S. and Fermi LAT observations
• SNR G349.7+0.2: A gamma-ray source in the far 3 kpc arm of the Galactic center
• Spectral and morphological study of the gamma radiation of the middle-aged supernova remnant HB 21
• Supernova Remnant Kes 17: Efficient Cosmic Ray Accelerator inside a Molecular Cloud
• Progenitors and Explosion Properties of Supernova Remnants Hosting Central Compact Objects: I. RCW 103 Associated with the Peculiar Source 1E 161348-5055
• Recombining Plasma in the Gamma-ray Emitting Mixed-Morphology Supernova Remnant 3C 391
• Localized Recombining Plasma in G166.0+4.3: A Supernova Remnant with an Unusual Morphology
• XMM-Newton observation of the Galactic supernova remnant W51C (G49.1-0.1)
• The GeV counterpart of VER J2019+407 in the northern shell of the supernova remnant G78.2+2.1 ($\gamma$ Cygni)
• A detailed X-ray investigation of PSR J2021+4026 and $\gamma$-Cygni supernova remnant
• Time evolution of broadband non-thermal emission from supernova remnants in different circumstellar environments
• Thermal and Non-thermal X-Rays from the Galactic Supernova Remnant G348.5+0.1
• The likely Fermi Detection of the Supernova Remnant RCW 103
• XMM-Newton observations of the non-thermal supernova remnant HESS J1731-347 (G353.6-0.7)
• Discovery of recombining plasma inside the extended gamma-ray supernova remnant HB9
• A GeV source in the direction of Supernova Remnant CTB 37B
• Uniform distribution of the extremely overionized plasma associated with the supernova remnant G359.1-0.5
• Discovery of recombining plasma from the faintest GeV SNR HB 21 and a possible scenario of the cosmic ray escaping from SNR shocks
• The high-energy gamma-ray detection of G73.9+0.9, a supernova remnant interacting with a molecular cloud
• Observing two dark accelerators around the Galactic Centre with Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Fermi LAT Discovery of Extended Gamma-Ray Emissions in the Vicinity of the HB3 Supernova Remnant
• Fermi Large Area Telescope Observations of the Monoceros Loop Supernova Remnant
• Discovery of TeV $\gamma$-ray emission from the neighbourhood of the supernova remnant G24.7+0.6 by MAGIC
• The origin of the X-ray emitting plasma in the eastern edge of the Cygnus Loop
• Searching for Overionized Plasma in the Gamma-ray Emitting Supernova Remnant G349.7$+$0.2
• A study of the composite supernova remnant MSH 15-56 with Suzaku

Cited by in corpus (11)

• Where are Milky Way's Hadronic PeVatrons?
• Observational constraints on the maximum energies of accelerated particles in supernova remnants: low maximum energies and a large variety
• LMC N132D: A mature supernova remnant with a power-law gamma-ray spectrum extending beyond 8 TeV
• Detection of gamma rays around SNR HB9 and its implication to the diffusive shock-acceleration history
• Multiwavelength studies of G298.6$-$0.0: An old GeV supernova remnant interacting with molecular clouds
• Particle acceleration controlled by ambient density in the southwestern rim of RCW 86
• Probing the origin of 4FGL J0822.8-4207: cosmic ray illumination from the SNR Puppis A and the Herbig-Haro object HH219
• Spatially decomposed $\gamma$-ray features surrounding SNR Kes 79 & PSR J1853+0056
• Resurrection of Non-thermal Emissions from Type Ib/c Supernova Remnants
• Nonthermal processes and particle acceleration in supernova remnants
• Examining a hadronic $\gamma$-ray scenario for the radiative shell & molecular clouds of the old GeV supernova remnant G298.6$-$0.0