20 years of developments in optical frequency comb technology and applications

Abstract

Optical frequency combs were developed nearly two decades ago to support the world's most precise atomic clocks. Acting as precision optical synthesizers, frequency combs enable the precise transfer of phase and frequency information from a high-stability reference to hundreds of thousands of tones in the optical domain. This versatility, coupled with near-continuous spectroscopic coverage from the terahertz to the extreme ultra-violet, has enabled precision measurement capabilities in both fundamental and applied contexts. This review takes a tutorial approach to illustrate how 20 years of source development and technology has facilitated the journey of optical frequency combs from the lab into the field.

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• Advances in Quantum Metrology
• Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator
• Temporal solitons in optical microresonators
• Search for New Physics with Atoms and Molecules
• Mid-infrared frequency combs
• Microresonator solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications
• Microresonator Soliton Dual-Comb Spectroscopy
• An Integrated-Photonics Optical-Frequency Synthesizer
• Ultrafast optical ranging using microresonator soliton frequency combs
• Generation of Ultrastable Microwaves via Optical Frequency Division
• Frequency Comparison of Two High-Accuracy Al+ Optical Clocks
• Atomic clock performance beyond the geodetic limit
• An ${}^{27}$Al${}^{+}$ quantum-logic clock with systematic uncertainty below $10^{-18}$
• Optical frequency comb technology for ultra-broadband radio-frequency photonics
• Geodesy and metrology with a transportable optical clock
• Coherent Raman spectro-imaging with laser frequency combs
• Direct Frequency Comb Spectroscopy in the Extreme Ultraviolet
• A clock network for geodesy and fundamental science
• On-chip dual comb source for spectroscopy
• Optical combs with a crystalline whispering gallery mode resonator
• Photonic microwave signals with zeptosecond level absolute timing noise
• Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy
• State of the Field: Extreme Precision Radial Velocities
• High Coherence Mid-Infrared Dual Comb Spectroscopy Spanning 2.6 to 5.2 microns
• Optical two-way time and frequency transfer over free space
• Mid-infrared frequency comb generation with silicon nitride nano-photonic waveguides
• High-precision wavelength calibration of astronomical spectrographs with laser frequency combs
• Atomic Clocks for Geodesy
• Testing the stability of fundamental constants with the 199Hg+ single-ion optical clock
• Kerr-lens mode-locked lasers as transfer oscillators for optical frequency measurements
• Searching for an oscillating massive scalar field as a dark matter candidate using atomic hyperfine frequency comparisons
• Test of special relativity using a fiber network of optical clocks
• Frequency ratio of Yb and Sr clocks with $5\times 10^{-17}$ uncertainty at 150 s averaging time
• An ultrafast electro-optic light source with sub-cycle precision
• Self-referencing of an on-chip soliton Kerr frequency comb without external broadening
• Surpassing the Path-Limited Resolution of a Fourier Transform Spectrometer with Frequency Combs
• An Optical Fibre Pulse Rate Multiplier for Ultra-low Phase-noise Signal Generation
• Stellar Spectroscopy in the Near-infrared with a Laser Frequency Comb
• Characterization of Power-to-Phase Conversion in High-Speed P-I-N Photodiodes
• Coherent optical phase transfer over a 32-km fiber with 1-s instability at $10^{-17}$
• Analysis of shot noise in the detection of ultrashort optical pulse trains
• Spectral purity transfer between optical wavelengths at the $10^{-18}$ level
• Ultra-Low Noise Microwave Extraction from Fiber-Based Optical Frequency Comb
• Ultrabroadband supercontinuum generation and frequency-comb stabilization using on-chip waveguides with both cubic and quadratic nonlinearities
• Tri-comb spectroscopy
• Quantum state resolution of the C${}_{60}$ fullerene
• First international comparison of fountain primary frequency standards via a long distance optical fiber link
• Atomic optical clocks and search for variation of the fine structure constant
• Multiplexed sub-Doppler spectroscopy with an optical frequency comb
• Comparing optical oscillators across the air to milliradians in phase and $10^{-17}$ in frequency
• Phase-coherent frequency measurement of the Ca intercombination line at 657 nm with a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser
• Low-noise 750-MHz spaced Yb:fiber frequency combs
• Fully self-referenced frequency comb consuming 5 Watts of electrical power
• Measurement of the impact of turbulence anisoplanatism on precision free-space optical time transfer

Cited by in corpus (104)

• Laser soliton microcombs on silicon
• Applications of integrated optical microcombs
• Integrated Electro-Optic Isolator on Thin Film Lithium Niobate
• Monolithic piezoelectric control of soliton microcombs
• Magnonic frequency comb through nonlinear magnon-skyrmion scattering
• III-Nitride nanophotonics for beyond-octave soliton generation and self-referencing
• Power-efficient soliton microcombs
• Entanglement-Based Quantum Information Technology
• Kerr-Induced Synchronization of a Cavity Soliton to an Optical Reference
• Spin-wave frequency combs
• Optical linewidth of soliton microcombs
• Ultrashort pulse generation from a graphene-coupled passively mode-locked terahertz laser
• Octave-spanning Kerr soliton frequency combs in dispersion- and dissipation-engineered lithium niobate microresonators
• Versatile tuning of Kerr soliton microcombs in crystalline microresonators
• Mechanical overtone frequency combs
• High-Stability Single-Ion Clock with $5.5\times 10^{-19}$ Systematic Uncertainty
• Piezoelectric actuation for integrated photonics
• Sideband Injection Locking in Microresonator Frequency Combs
• Harnessing Dispersion in Soliton Microcombs to Mitigate Thermal Noise
• Nonreciprocal optical solitons in a spinning Kerr resonator
• Microcavity phonoritons -- a coherent optical-to-microwave interface
• Femtosecond pulse amplification on a chip
• Active Stabilization of Terahertz Semiconductor Dual-Comb Laser Sources Employing a Phase Locking Technique
• A chip-integrated comb-based microwave oscillator
• Phase-stabilised self-injection-locked microcomb
• Ultraviolet astronomical spectrograph calibration with laser frequency combs from nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides
• Dissipative soliton interaction in Kerr resonators with high-order dispersion
• Timing jitter characterization of free-running dual-comb laser with sub-attosecond resolution using optical heterodyne detection
• Simple approach for extending the ambiguity-free-range of dual-comb ranging
• Coexistence of vector soliton Kerr combs in normal dispersion resonators
• Entanglement-enhanced dual-comb spectroscopy
• Stimulated-Raman-Scattering Metrology
• Versatile Optical Frequency Division with Kerr-induced Synchronization at Tunable Microcomb Synthetic Dispersive Waves
• Noiseless Linear Amplifiers for Multimode States
• Bending modes metrology in the 14-15 $\mu$m region
• Spacetime effects on wavepackets of coherent light
• Observation of a narrow inner-shell orbital transition in atomic erbium at 1299 nm
• 10 W injection-locked single-frequency continuous-wave titanium:sapphire laser
• Mixing second and third-order nonlinear interactions in nanophotonic lithium-niobate waveguides
• A chip-based optoelectronic-oscillator frequency comb
• A mission architecture to reach and operate at the focal region of the solar gravitational lens
• Optical Crystals and Light-Bullets in Kerr Resonators
• Simple method for mid-infrared optical frequency comb generation with dynamic offset frequency tuning
• Tutorial on laser locking techniques and the manufacturing of vapor cells for spectroscopy
• Recent advances on quantum key distribution overcoming the linear secret key capacity bound
• Interrogating the temporal coherence of EUV frequency combs with highly charged ions
• Cavity-Enhanced Vernier Spectroscopy with a Chip-Scale Mid-Infrared Frequency Comb
• GHz fundamental mode-locking of a highly integrated Er-doped all-fiber ring laser
• Supercontinua from integrated gallium nitride waveguides
• Universal Kerr-thermal dynamics of self-injection-locked microresonator dark pulses
• Isotope Ratio Dual-Comb Spectrometer
• Backscattering in Nonlinear Microring Resonators Via A Gaussian Treatment of Coupled Cavity Modes
• Integrated and DC-powered superconducting microcomb
• Analysis of Kerr comb generation in silicon microresonators under the influence of two-photon absorption and free-carrier absorption
• Time-Stretched Femtosecond Lidar Using Microwave Photonic Signal Processing
• Theory and Application of Cavity Solitons in Photonic Devices
• Sensing enhancement of a Fabry-Perot THz cavity using switchable VO2 mirrors
• Arm locking using laser frequency comb
• Classical and Quantum Frequency Combs for Satellite-based Clock Synchronization
• Spectrally-wide acoustic frequency combs generated using oscillations of polydisperse gas bubble clusters in liquids
• Mid-infrared frequency comb with 25 pJ threshold via CW-seeded optical parametric generation in nonlinear waveguide
• Surge of power transmission in flat and nearly flat band lattices
• Temporal cavity solitons and frequency combs via quantum interference
• Two-color flat-top solitons in microresonator-based optical parametric oscillators
• Optical interferometer using two-mode squeezed light for enhanced chip-integrated quantum metrology
• Dual-Frequency Comb in Fiber Fabry-Perot Resonator
• High-Resolution Spectroscopy in the 11.6-15 μm Range by a Quasi-cw Difference-Frequency-Generation Laser Source
• Floquet Engineering and Harnessing Giant Atoms in Frequency-Comb Emission and Bichromatic Correlations in Waveguide QED
• Coherence-Assisted Superradiant Laser with Hz Linewidth and $10^{-10}$W Power
• Optical solitons in curved spacetime
• Ramsey-Borde atom interferometry with a thermal strontium beam for a compact optical clock
• A continuous-wave vacuum ultraviolet laser for the nuclear clock
• Absolute frequencies of H13C14N hydrogen cyanide transitions in 1,5 μm region with saturated spectroscopy and sub-kHz scanning laser
• Precision spectroscopy of non-thermal molecular plasmas using mid-infrared optical frequency comb Fourier transform spectroscopy
• Coherent frequency combs from electrons colliding with a laser pulse
• Optimization of a fiber Fabry-Perot resonator for low-threshold modulation instability Kerr frequency combs
• Versatile optical frequency combs based on multi-seeded femtosecond optical parametric generation
• Magnetostrictive Phononic Frequency Combs
• Quantum Walk Comb in a Dual Waveguide Quantum Cascade Laser
• Alternative approach to time-delay interferometry with optical frequency comb
• An air-spaced virtually imaged phased array with 94 MHz resolution for precision spectroscopy
• Modulation instability and frequency-comb generation in hybrid quadratic-cubic resonators with spectral filtering
• Generating optical supercontinuum and frequency comb in tenuous plasmas
• Generation of Bimodal Solitons in a Sapphire Whispering Gallery Mode Maser at Millikelvin Temperatures
• Normal dispersion Kerr cavity solitons: beyond the mean field limit
• Feasibility analysis of a proposed test of quantum gravity via novel optical magnetometry in xenon
• Time crystal optomechanics
• Multicolor continuous-variable quantum entanglement in the Kerr frequency comb
• Ultra-sensitive multi-species spectroscopic breath analysis for real-time health monitoring and diagnostics
• High-efficiency coupled-cavity optical frequency comb generation
• Amplitude Enhancements through rewiring of a non-autonomous delay system
• Digital Signal Processing Techniques for Noise Characterization of Lasers and Optical Frequency Combs: A Tutorial
• Non-resonant Optical Injection Locking in Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs
• Spectral dynamics in broadband frequency combs with overlapping harmonics
• Frequency comb in twisted magnonic crystals
• Hybridized Frequency Combs in Multimode Cavity Electromechanical System
• Frequency comb in a macroscopic mechano-magnetic artificial spin ice
• Tailored optical properties of atomic medium by a narrow bandwidth frequency comb
• Pulse Breathing Dynamics in a Mode-Locked Laser measured via SHG autocorrelation
• Phononic Combs in Lithium Niobate Acoustic Resonators
• Steady-state dynamics of quantum frequency combs in microring resonators
• Theory of quantum comb enhanced interferometry
• Real-Time Electro-Optic Dual Comb Detection of Ultrasound Waves
• Periodic cavity state revivals from atomic frequency combs