Higgs Mode in Superconductors

Abstract

When a continuous symmetry of a physical system is spontaneously broken, two types of collective modes typically emerge: the amplitude and phase modes of the order-parameter fluctuation. For superconductors, the amplitude mode is recently referred to as the ''Higgs mode'' as it is a condensed-matter analogue of a Higgs boson in particle physics. Higgs mode is a scalar excitation of the order parameter, distinct from charge or spin fluctuations, and thus does not couple to electromagnetic fields linearly. This is why the Higgs mode in superconductors has evaded experimental observations over a half century after the initial theoretical prediction, except for a charge-density-wave coexisting system. With the advance of nonlinear and time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy techniques, however, it has become possible to study the Higgs mode through the nonlinear light-Higgs coupling. In this review, we overview recent progresses on the study of the Higgs mode in superconductors.

33 pages, 10 figures; a review article submitted to Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics

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• Parametric excitation of an optically silent Goldstone-like phonon mode
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• Observation of anomalous amplitude modes in the kagome metal CsV${}_3$Sb${}_5$
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• An On-Site Density Matrix Description of the Extended Falicov--Kimball Model at Finite Temperatures
• Signatures of the Higgs mode in transport through a normal-metal--superconductor junction
• Higgs mode mediated enhancement of interlayer transport in high-$T_c$ cuprate superconductors
• Third-harmonic generation in excitonic insulators
• Floquet engineering Higgs dynamics in time-periodic superconductors
• Electromagnetic response of superconductors in the presence of multiple collective modes
• Dynamical structure factor of a fermionic supersolid on an optical lattice
• Floquet engineering triplet superconductivity in superconductors with spin-orbit coupling or altermagnetism
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• Pair-amplitude dynamics in strongly-coupled superconductor-quantum dot hybrids
• Chirped amplitude mode in photo-excited superconductors
• Quench-drive spectroscopy of cuprates
• Light-induced Floquet spin-triplet Cooper pairs in unconventional magnets
• Extended time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory
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• Long-lived Higgs modes in strongly correlated condensates
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• Spatially-resolved dynamics of the amplitude Schmid-Higgs mode in disordered superconductors
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• Exciting the long-lived Higgs mode in superfluid Fermi gases with particle removal
• Collective magnetic Higgs excitation in a pyrochlore ruthenate
• Thermal effects on collective modes in disordered $s$-wave superconductors
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