A Critical Assessment of CMB Limits on Dark Matter-Baryon Scattering: New Treatment of the Relative Bulk Velocity

Abstract

We perform an improved cosmic microwave background (CMB) analysis to search for dark matter-proton scattering with a momentum-transfer cross section of the form ${\sigma }_0{v}^n$ for $n=-2$ and $n=-4$. In particular, we present a new and robust prescription for incorporating the relative bulk velocity between the dark matter and baryon fluids into the standard linear Boltzmann calculation. Using an iterative procedure, we self-consistently include the effects of the bulk velocities in a cosmology in which dark matter interacts with baryons. With this prescription, we derive CMB bounds on the cross section, excluding ${\sigma }_0>2.3\times 10^{-33}{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ for $n=-2$ and ${\sigma }_0>1.7\times 10^{-41}{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ for $n=-4$ at $95\%$ confidence, for dark matter masses below 10 MeV. Furthermore, we investigate how these constraints change when only a subcomponent of dark matter is interacting. We show that Planck limits vanish if $\lesssim 0.4\%$ of dark matter is tightly coupled to baryons. We discuss the implications of our results for present and future cosmological observations.

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