Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of photoevaporation of protoplanetary disks II: Metallicity dependence of UV and X-ray photoevaporation

Abstract

We perform a suite of radiation hydrodynamics simulations of photoevaporating disks with varying the metallicity in a wide range of $10^{-3}{Z}_{\odot }\le Z\le 10^{0.5}{Z}_{\odot }$. We follow the disk evolution for over $\sim 5000$ years by solving hydrodynamics, radiative transfer, and non-equilibrium chemistry. Our chemistry model is updated from the first paper of this series by adding X-ray ionization and heating. We study the metallicity dependence of the disk photoevaporation rate and examine the importance of X-ray radiation. In the fiducial case with solar metallicity, including the X-ray effects does not significantly increase the photoevaporation rate when compared to the case with ultra-violet (UV) radiation only. At sub-solar metallicities in the range of $Z\gtrsim 10^{-1.5}{Z}_{\odot }$, the photoevaporation rate increases as metallicity decreases owing to the reduced opacity of the disk medium. The result is consistent with the observational trend that disk lifetimes are shorter in low metallicity environments. Contrastingly, the photoevaporation rate decreases at even lower metallicities of $Z\lesssim 10^{-1.5}{Z}_{\odot }$, because dust-gas collisional cooling remains efficient compared to far UV photoelectric heating whose efficiency depends on metallicity. The net cooling in the interior of the disk suppresses the photoevaporation. However, adding X-ray radiation significantly increases the photoevaporation rate, especially at $Z\sim 10^{-2}{Z}_{\odot }$. Although the X-ray radiation itself does not drive strong photoevaporative flows, X-rays penetrate deep into the neutral region in the disk, increase the ionization degree there, and reduce positive charges of grains. Consequently, the effect of photoelectric heating by far UV radiation is strengthened by the X-rays and enhances the disk photoevaporation.

arXiv comment13 pages, 8 figures

References in corpus (40)

• On the Absorption of X-rays in the Interstellar Medium
• Disk Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters
• The UMIST database for astrochemistry 2012
• Spitzer Space Telescope study of disks in the young $\sigma$ Orionis cluster
• Stellar magnetism: empirical trends with age and rotation
• Dust and Gas in the disc of HL Tauri: Surface density, dust settling, and dust-to-gas ratio
• Timescale of Mass Accretion in Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks by FUV, EUV and X-ray Radiation from the Central Star
• The XMM-Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud (XEST)
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Models of X-Ray & EUV Photoevaporating Protoplanetary Discs
• On the theory of disc photoevaporation
• Protostellar Collapse with Various Metallicities
• Time-Evolution of Viscous Circumstellar Disks due to Photoevaporation by FUV, EUV and X-ray Radiation from the Central Star
• X-Ray Spectroscopy of Stars
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks around Young Stars
• X-ray irradiated protoplanetary disk atmospheres I: Predicted emission line spectrum and photoevaporation
• Disk evolution in the solar neighborhood. I Disk frequencies from 1 to 100 Myr
• X-ray irradiated protoplanetary disk atmospheres II: Predictions from models in hydrostatic equilibrium
• Molecular Hydrogen Emission from Protoplanetary Disks II. Effects of X-ray Irradiation and Dust Evolution
• The Impact of Dust Evolution and Photoevaporation on Disk Dispersal
• Line Emission from Gas in Optically Thick Dust Disks around Young Stars
• Models of Chemistry, Thermal Balance and Infrared Spectra from Intermediate-Aged Disks around G and K stars
• Metallicity, planet formation, and disc lifetimes
• A Far-ultraviolet Atlas of Low-resolution Hubble Space Telescope Spectra of T Tauri Stars
• Fast and accurate frequency-dependent radiation transport for hydrodynamics simulations in massive star formation
• Spatially extended PAHs in circumstellar disks around T Tauri and Herbig Ae stars
• The Lifetime of Protoplanetary Disks in a Low-Metallicity Environment
• Hydrodynamic Photoevaporation of Protoplanetary Disks with Consistent Thermochemistry
• Short Lifetime of Protoplanetary Disks in Low-metallicity Environments
• A Spitzer Survey of Protoplanetary Disk Dust in the Young Serpens Cloud: How do Dust Characteristics Evolve with Time?
• Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations of Photoevaporation of Protoplanetary Disks by Ultra Violet Radiation: Metallicity Dependence
• A Three-dimensional Simulation of a Magnetized Accretion Disk: Fast Funnel Accretion onto a Weakly Magnetized Star
• The effects of X-ray photoionization and heating on the structure of circumstellar discs
• The imprint of photoevaporation on edge-on discs
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks Revisited: The Dust-Free Case
• PAH emission in the proplyd HST10: what is the mechanism behind photoevaporation?
• On dust entrainment in photoevaporative winds
• Low-metallicity Young Clusters in the Outer Galaxy. II. Sh 2-208
• Low-metallicity Young Clusters in the Outer Galaxy I. Sh 2-207
• On the maximum grain size entrained by photoevaporative winds

Cited by in corpus (46)

• Heavy metal rules. I. Exoplanet incidence and metallicity
• The dispersal of protoplanetary discs. II: Photoevaporation models with observationally derived irradiating spectra
• Dispersal of protoplanetary disks by the combination of magnetically driven and photoevaporative winds
• Photoevaporative Dispersal of Protoplanetary Disks around Evolving Intermediate-mass Stars
• Rapid growth of seed black holes during early bulge formation
• Radiation pressure clear-out of dusty photoevaporating discs
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of protoplanetary disks: Stellar mass dependence of the disk photoevaporation rate
• Gaseous dynamical friction under radiative feedback: do intermediate-mass black holes speed up or down?
• Radiation-Hydrodynamical Models of X-ray Photoevaporation in Carbon Depleted Circumstellar Discs
• Corona and XUV emission modelling of the Sun and Sun-like stars
• Photoevaporation of Grain-Depleted Protoplanetary Disks around Intermediate-Mass Stars: Investigating Possibility of Gas-Rich Debris Disks as Protoplanetary Remnants
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs with PLUTO+PRIZMO I. Lower X-ray-driven mass-loss rates due to enhanced cooling
• Makemake + Sedna: A Continuum Radiation Transport and Photoionization Framework for Astrophysical Newtonian Fluid Dynamics
• Disc population synthesis: Decrease in the solid mass reservoir through pebble drift
• Formation of massive stars under protostellar radiation feedback: Very metal-poor stars
• Hydrodynamical simulations of protoplanetary disks including irradiation of stellar photons. I. Resolution study for Vertical Shear Instability (VSI)
• Super-Eddington mass growth of intermediate-mass black holes embedded in dusty circumnuclear disks
• Linking planetesimal and dust content in protoplanetary disks via a local toy model
• Dispersal timescale of protoplanetary disks in the low-metallicity young cluster Dolidze 25
• [OI] 6300Å emission as a probe of external photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs
• The importance of X-ray frequency in driving photoevaporative winds
• New growth mechanism of dust grains in protoplanetary disks with magnetically driven disk winds
• Line-driven ablation of circumstellar discs: IV. The role of disc ablation in massive star formation and its contribution to the stellar upper mass limit
• Interpreting molecular hydrogen and atomic oxygen line emission of T Tauri disks with photoevaporative disk-wind models
• Modeling JWST MIRI-MRS Observations of T Cha: Mid-IR Noble Gas Emission Tracing a Dense Disk Wind
• Photoevaporation of Molecular Gas Clumps Illuminated by External Massive Stars: Clump Lifetimes and Metallicity Dependence
• Photoevaporation of Minihalos during Cosmic Reionization: Primordial and Metal-Enriched Halos
• The Dynamic Proto-atmospheres around Low-Mass Planets with Eccentric Orbits
• Assessing the capability of a model-based stellar XUV estimation
• Stellar Wind Effect on the Atmospheric Escape of Hot Jupiters and their Ly-$\alpha$ and H$\alpha$ transits
• Giant planet migration during the disc dispersal phase
• Coronal Loops with Different Metallicities and Generalized RTV Scaling Laws
• The Effect of the Chromospheric Temperature on Coronal Heating
• Chandra Observations of Six Peter Pan Disks: Diversity of X-ray-driven Internal Photoevaporation Rates Doesn't Explain Their Rare Longevity
• Evidence of Titanate Clouds in the Day-side Atmosphere of the Ultra-Hot Jupiter WASP-121b
• Time-dependent long-term hydrodynamic simulations of the inner protoplanetary disk III: The influence of photoevaporation
• Spitzer Mid-infrared Study of Sh 2-208: Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks in Low-metallicity Environments
• Photoevaporation Can Reproduce Extended ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ Emission from Protoplanetary Disks Imaged by JWST MIRI
• A Constraint on the Amount of Hydrogen from the CO Chemistry in Debris Disks
• Takeout and Delivery: Erasing the Dusty Signature of Late-stage Terrestrial Planet Formation
• The survivorship bias of protoplanetary disc populations
• exoALMA XXI: The Morphology and Dynamics of Vertical Flows
• Formation of ring-like structures in flared α-discs with X-ray/FUV photoevaporation
• Dispersal of protoplanetary discs: How stellar properties and the local environment determine the pathway of evolution
• Gas chemistry in the dust depleted inner regions of protoplanetary disks. I. Near-IR spectra and overtones
• Radiative feedback on supermassive star formation: the massive end of the Population III initial mass function