Supervised Learning Detection of Sixty Non-Transiting Hot Jupiter Candidates

Abstract

The optical, full-phase photometric variations of a short-period planet provide a unique view of the planet's atmospheric composition and dynamics. The number of planets with optical phase curve detections, however, is currently too small to study them as an aggregate population, motivating an extension of the search to non-transiting planets. Here we present an algorithm for the detection of non-transiting, short-period giant planets in the Kepler field. The procedure uses the phase curves themselves as evidence for the planets' existence. We employ a supervised learning algorithm to recognize the salient time-dependent properties of synthetic phase curves; we then search for detections of signals that match these properties. After demonstrating the algorithm's capabilities, we classify 142,630 FGK Kepler stars without confirmed planets or KOIs and, for each one, assign a probability of a phase curve of a non-transiting planet being present. We identify 60 high-probability non-transiting hot Jupiter candidates. We also derive constraints on the candidates' albedos and offsets of the phase curve maxima. These targets are strong candidates for follow-up radial velocity confirmation and characterization. Once confirmed, the atmospheric information content in the phase curves may be studied in yet greater detail.

arXiv comment23 pages, 20 figures. Accepted in AJ. Online repository of candidates available at https://smillholland.github.io/Non-transiting_HJs/

References in corpus (54)

• The Gaia mission
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler, III: Analysis of the First 16 Months of Data
• Kepler Presearch Data Conditioning II - A Bayesian Approach to Systematic Error Correction
• Spectroscopic [Fe/H] for 98 extra-solar planet-host stars: Exploring the probability of planet formation
• The NASA Exoplanet Archive: Data and Tools for Exoplanet Research
• Kepler Input Catalog: Photometric Calibration and Stellar Classification
• A map of the day-night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b
• Kepler Presearch Data Conditioning I - Architecture and Algorithms for Error Correction in Kepler Light Curves
• Giant Planet Occurrence in the Stellar Mass-Metallicity Plane
• Atmospheric Circulation and Tides of "51Peg b-like" Planets
• Atmospheric circulation of hot Jupiters: Coupled radiative-dynamical general circulation model simulations of HD 189733b and HD 209458b
• Planets and Stellar Activity: Hide and Seek in the CoRoT-7 system
• False positive probabilties for all Kepler Objects of Interest: 1284 newly validated planets and 428 likely false positives
• Kepler Eclipsing Binary Stars. VII. The Catalog of Eclipsing Binaries Found in the Entire Kepler Data-Set
• The Statistics of Albedo and Heat Recirculation on Hot Exoplanets
• Photometric Light Curves and Polarization of Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Revised Stellar Properties of Kepler Targets for the Q1-17 (DR25) Transit Detection Run
• Inference of Inhomogeneous Clouds in an Exoplanet Atmosphere
• The Kepler Follow-Up Observation Program. I. A Catalog of Companions to Kepler Stars from High-Resolution Imaging
• The Exoplanet Orbit Database II: Updates to exoplanets.org
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler. VII. The First Fully Uniform Catalog Based on The Entire 48 Month Dataset (Q1-Q17 DR24)
• Hybrid gamma Doradus - delta Scuti pulsators: New insights into the physics of the oscillations from Kepler observations
• Magnetic Drag on Hot Jupiter Atmospheric Winds
• Changing Phases of Alien Worlds: Probing Atmospheres of Kepler Planets with High-Precision Photometry
• Photometric detection of non-transiting short-period low-mass companions through the beaming, ellipsoidal and reflection effects in Kepler and CoRoT lightcurves
• An Upper Limit on the Albedo of HD 209458b: Direct Imaging Photometry with the MOST Satellite
• Optical Phase Curves of Kepler Exoplanets
• The high albedo of the hot Jupiter Kepler-7b
• The Discovery of Ellipsoidal Variations in the Kepler Light Curve of HAT-P-7
• A comprehensive study of Kepler phase curves and secondary eclipses -- temperatures and albedos of confirmed Kepler giant planets
• The Effects of Irradiation on Hot Jovian Atmospheres: Heat Redistribution and Energy Dissipation
• Ohmic Dissipation in the Atmospheres of Hot Jupiters
• Kepler-91b: a planet at the end of its life. Planet and giant host star properties via light-curve variations
• Variability in the Atmosphere of the Hot Giant Planet HAT-P-7 b
• Studying the atmosphere of the exoplanet HAT-P-7b via secondary eclipse measurements with EPOXI, Spitzer and Kepler
• Detection Of KOI-13.01 Using The Photometric Orbit
• Photometrically derived masses and radii of the planet and star in the TrES-2 system
• Measuring Transit Signal Recovery in the Kepler Pipeline II: Detection Efficiency as Calculated in One Year of Data
• Studying atmosphere-dominated hot Jupiter Kepler phase curves: Evidence that inhomogeneous atmospheric reflection is common
• A Semi-Analytical Model of Visible-Wavelength Phase Curves of Exoplanets and Applications to Kepler-7 b and Kepler-10 b
• On the Metallicities of Kepler Stars
• Radial Velocity Observations and Light Curve Noise Modeling Confirm That Kepler-91b is a Giant Planet Orbiting a Giant Star
• Magnetically Controlled Circulation on Hot Extrasolar Planets
• Measuring Transit Signal Recovery in the Kepler Pipeline I: Individual Events
• BEER analysis of Kepler and CoRoT light curves: I. Discovery of Kepler-76b: A hot Jupiter with evidence for superrotation
• Kepler KOI-13.01 - Detection of beaming and ellipsoidal modulations pointing to a massive hot Jupiter
• Seven new binaries discovered in the Kepler light curves through the BEER method confirmed by radial-velocity observations
• A Uniform Search for Secondary Eclipses of Hot Jupiters in Kepler Q2 Lightcurves
• EXONEST: Bayesian Model Selection Applied to the Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets Via Photometric Variations
• BEER analysis of Kepler and CoRoT light curves: II. Evidence for superrotation in the phase curves of three Kepler hot Jupiters
• Measuring Transit Signal Recovery in the Kepler Pipeline. III. Completeness of the Q1-Q17 DR24 Planet Candidate Catalogue, with Important Caveats for Occurrence Rate Calculations
• Detecting Reflected Light from Close-In Extrasolar Giant Planets with the Kepler Photometer
• On Signatures of Atmospheric Features in Thermal Phase Curves of Hot Jupiters
• On the Detection of Non-Transiting Hot Jupiters in Multiple-Planet Systems

Cited by in corpus (12)

• Identifying Exoplanets with Deep Learning: A Five Planet Resonant Chain around Kepler-80 and an Eighth Planet around Kepler-90
• TESS full orbital phase curve of the WASP-18b system
• Identifying Exoplanets with Deep Learning II: Two New Super-Earths Uncovered by a Neural Network in K2 Data
• Obliquity Tides May Drive WASP-12b's Rapid Orbital Decay
• On the existence of brown dwarfs more massive than the hydrogen burning limit
• WASP-104b is Darker than Charcoal
• The Telltale Heartbeat: Detection and Characterization of Eccentric Orbiting Planets via Tides on their Host Star
• Reassessing Exoplanet Light Curves with a Thermal Model
• Follow-up of non-transiting planets detected by Kepler. Confirmation of three hot-Jupiters and validation of three other planets
• Uncovering the ultimate planet impostor. An eclipsing brown dwarf in a hierarchical triple with two evolved stars
• Revisiting Kepler Transiting Systems: Unvetting Planets and Constraining Relationships among Harmonics in Phase Curves
• Non-transiting exoplanets as a means of understanding star-planet interactions in close-in systems