Combination with anti-tit-for-tat remedies problems of tit-for-tat

Abstract

One of the most important questions in game theory concerns how mutual cooperation can be achieved and maintained in a social dilemma. In Axelrod's tournaments of the iterated prisoner's dilemma, Tit-for-Tat (TFT) demonstrated the role of reciprocity in the emergence of cooperation. However, the stability of TFT does not hold in the presence of implementation error, and a TFT population is prone to neutral drift to unconditional cooperation, which eventually invites defectors. We argue that a combination of TFT and anti-TFT (ATFT) overcomes these difficulties in a noisy environment, provided that ATFT is defined as choosing the opposite to the opponent's last move. According to this TFT-ATFT strategy, a player normally uses TFT; turns to ATFT upon recognizing his or her own error; returns to TFT either when mutual cooperation is recovered or when the opponent unilaterally defects twice in a row. The proposed strategy provides simple and deterministic behavioral rules for correcting implementation error in a way that cannot be exploited by the opponent, and suppresses the neutral drift to unconditional cooperation.

21 pages, 3 figures

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• Evolutionary games on graphs
• Win-stay-lose-learn promotes cooperation in the spatial prisoner's dilemma game
• Defection and extortion as unexpected catalysts of unconditional cooperation in structured populations
• Intelligent tit-for-tat in the iterated prisoner's dilemma game

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• Signalling boosts the evolution of cooperation in repeated group interactions
• Friendly-rivalry solution to the iterated $n$-person public-goods game
• Tit-for-Tat Strategy as a Deformed Zero-Determinant Strategy in Repeated Games
• Grouping promotes both partnership and rivalry with long memory in direct reciprocity
• Unbeatable Tit-for-Tat as a Zero-Determinant Strategy
• Memory-two strategies forming symmetric mutual reinforcement learning equilibrium in repeated prisoners' dilemma game
• Controlling conditional expectations by zero-determinant strategies
• Persistent homology and the shape of evolutionary games
• Unexploitable games and unbeatable strategies
• Strategies that enforce linear payoff relationships under observation errors in Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma game